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VI 细菌和古菌的复制体的差异参见：Leipe, D. D.; Aravind, L.; Koonin, E. V.(1999). Did DNA replication evolve twice in dependently?.Nucleic Acids Research, 27(17): 3389-3401; Bleichert, F.; Botchan, M. R.; Berger, J. M.(2017). Mechanisms for initiating cellular DNA replication.Science, 355(6327): eaah6317。
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VII 帕特里克·福泰尔的DNA复制系统起源图景参见：Forterre P, Filée J, Myllykallio H. Origin and Evolution of DNA and DNA Replication Machineries. In: Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-2013. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6360/; Forterre, P.; Gadelle, D.(2009). Phylogenomics of DNA to poisomerases: their origin and putative roles in the emergence of modern organisms.Nucleic acids research, 37(3): 679-692。
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VIII 腺病毒的DNA复制机制参见：Pacesa, M.(2016). Purification of Recombinant Adenoviral Hexon Proteins for Genera tion of Virus-specific Antibodies & Next-generation Sequencing of Adenoviral Genomes. 10.13140/RG.2.2.20211.53282; Salas, M.; Holguera, I.; Redrejo-Rodríguez, M.; De Vega, M.(2016). DNA-Binding Proteins Essential for Protein-Primed Bacterio phage Φ29 DNA Replication.Frontiers in molecular biosciences, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2016.00037。
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IX 病毒用六元环的移位酶把DNA装入衣壳粒，参见：Patel, S. S.; Picha, K. M.(2000). Structure and Function of Hex americ Helicases.Annual review of biochemistry, 69(1): 651–697; Happonen, L. J.; Oksanen, E.; Liljeroos, L.;et al.(2013). The Structure of the NTPase that powers DNA packaging into sulfolobus turreted icosahedral Virus 2.Journal of Virology, 87(15): 8388-8398。
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X 病毒的冈崎片段参见：Miller, E.; Kutter, E.; Mosig, G.; et al.(2003). Bacteriophage T4 Genome.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews, 67(1): 86-156; Nelson, S.; Kumar, R.; Benkovic, S.(2008). RNA primer handof in bacteriophage T4 DNA replication: The role of single-stranded DNA-binding protein and polymerase accessory proteins.The Journal of biological chemistry, 283(33): 22838-46。
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XI 病毒与细胞用来复制DNA的酶的亲缘关系参见：Filée, J.; Forterre, P.; Sen-Lin, T.; Laurent, J.(2002). Evolution of DNA polymerase families: evidences for multiple gene exchange between cellular and viral proteins.Journal of molecular evolution, 54(6)
:763-773; Villarreal, L. P.; DeFilippis, V. R.(2000). A hypothesis for DNA viruses as the origin of eukaryotic replication proteins.Journal of virology, 74(15): 7079-7084。
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XII 核黄素依赖型电子分歧酶参见：Wagner, T.; Koch, J.; Ermler, U.; Shima, D.(2017). Methanogenic heterodisulfide reduc tase (HdrABC-MvhAGD) uses two noncubane [4Fe-4S] clusters for reduction.Science, 357(6352): 699-703; Kai, S.; Chowdhury, N. P.; Müller, V.(2018). Complex Multimeric [FeFe] Hydrogenases: biochemistry, physiology and new opportunities for the hydrogen economy.Frontiers in microbiology, 04 December , https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02911。
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XIII 古菌的甲基转移酶参见：Deobald, D.; Adrian, L.; Schöne, C.; et al.(2018). Identification of a unique Radical SAM methyltransferase required for the sp3-C-methylation of an arginine residue of methyl-coenzyme M reductase.Scientific reports, 8(1): 7404。
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XIV 几种铁硫蛋白的结构相似性参见：Poehlein, A.; Schmidt, S.; Kaster, A. K.; et al.(2012). An Ancient Pathway Com bining Carbon Dioxide Fixation with the Generation and Utilization of a Sodium Ion Gradient for ATP Synthesis.PLOSONE, 7(3): e33439; Schuchmann, K.; Chowdhury, N. P.; Müller, V.(2018). Complex Multimeric [FeFe] Hydrogenases: Bio chemistry, Physiology and New Opportunities for the Hydrogen Economy.Frontiers in microbiology, 9: 2911; Schuchmann,K.; Vonck, J.; Müller, V.(2016), A bacterial hydrogen‐dependent CO2 reductase forms filamentous structures.FEBS Journal, 283(7): 1311-1322; Schwarz, F. M.; Schuchmann, K.; Müller, V.(2018). Hydrogenation of CO2 at ambient pressure cata lyzed by a highly active thermostable biocatalyst.Biotechnology for biofuels, 11, 237。
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XV 十二种核黄素依赖型电子分歧酶的进化关系参见：Poudel, S.; Dunham, E. C.; Lindsay, M. R.; et al.(2018). Origin and Evolution of Flavin-Based Electron Bifurcating Enzymes.Frontiers in microbiology, 9
:1762。
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终章
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I 用原子力显微镜看到了有机化学反应中的化学键变化，参见：de Oteyza, D. G.; Gorman, P.; Chen, Y.-C.;et al.(2013).Direct imaging of covalent bond structure in single-molecule chemical reactions.Science, 340(6139)
:1434-7。
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II 基金观察到的最远的天体，参见：Klotz, I.(March 3, 2016). “Hubble Spies Most Distant, Oldest Galaxy Ever”. Seeker. Discovery, Inc. Retrieved February 5, 2020。
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III 木星卫星的轨道共振产生了强烈的潮汐作用参见：Tyler, R. H.(2008). Strong ocean tidal flow and heating on moons of the outer planets.Nature, 456(7223): 770–772。
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IV 钻探木卫二的计划参见：Powell, J.; Powell, J.; Maise, G.; Paniagua, J.(2005). NEMO: A mission to search for and return to Earth possible life forms on Europa.Acta astronautica, 57: 579–593; Weiss, P.; Yung, K. L.; Ng,T. C.; et al.(2008). Study of a thermal drill head for the exploration of subsurface planetary ice layers.Planetary and space science, 56: 1280–1292; Weiss, P.; Yung, K. L.; Kömle, N.; et al.(2011). Thermal drill sampling system onboard high-velocity impactors for exploring the subsurface of Europa.Advances in space research, 48(4): 743。
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V 土卫二海洋参见：Platt, J.; Bell, B.(2014-04-03). NASA space assets detect ocean inside saturn moon.NASA。
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VI 土卫二的白烟囱参见：Waite, J. H; Glein, C. R; Perryman, R. S; et al.(2017). Cassini finds molecular hydrogen in the En celadus plume: Evidence for hydrothermal processes.Science, 356 (6334): 155–159。
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VII 土卫二喷出物蕴含的有机物参见：Cassini Tastes Organic Material at Saturn’s Geyser Moon.NASA, March 26, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008; Postberg, F.; Khawaja, N.; Abel, B.; et al.(2018). Macromolecular organic compounds from the depths of Enceladus.Nature, 558(7711): 564–568。
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VIII 银河系中的类地行星参见：Overbye, D.(4 November 2013). Far-Of Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy.New York Times; Petigura, Erik A.; Howard, A. W.; Marcy G. W.(2013). Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(48)
:19273-8; Khan, A. Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets.Los Angeles Times. 4 November 2013。
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IV 格利泽832c参见：Wall, M.（June 25, 2014）. Nearby Alien Planet May Be Capable of Supporting Life. space.com,re trieved June 26, 2014。
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幕后
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增章一
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I 一个规律参见：Nelson, P.; Masel, J.(2017). Intercellular competition and the inevitability of multicellular aging.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(49): 12982–87; Wagner, G. P.(2017). The power of negative [theoretical] results.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (49): 12851–52。
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II 超过1万岁的南极海绵：Susanne Gatti (2002) “The Role of Sponges in High-Antarctic Carbon and Silicon Cycling - a Modelling Approach” . Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 434. ISSN 1618-3193。
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III 发现了四千岁的珊瑚：https://www.nature.com/news/2009/090323/full/news.2009.185.html
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