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IV 关于外肛动物门的群落，参见：Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S.; Barnes, R. D.(2004). Lophoporata.Invertebrate Zoology(7 ed.), 829–845。关于帚虫，参见：Emig, C. C. (2003). Phylum: Phoronida (PDF). In: Grzimek, B.; Kleiman, D. G.; Hutchins,M.(eds.) Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 2. Protostomes (2 ed.), Thompson Gale, 491–495, Retrieved 2011-03-01。
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V 关于苔藓虫，参见：Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S.; Barnes, R. D.(2004). Lophoporata.Invertebrate Zoology(7 ed.), 829–845。
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VI 关于海鞘群落，参见：Munday, R.; Rodriguez, D.; Di Maio, A.; et al.(2015). Aging in the colonial chordate, Botryllus schlosseri.Invertebrate reproduction and development, 59(sup1)
:45–50。
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VII 仅就海鞘的衰老而言，参见：Sköld, H. N.; Asplund, M. E.; Wood, C. A.; Bishop, J. D. D.(2011). Telomerase deficiency in a colonial ascidian after prolonged asexual propagation.Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 316(4): 276-83; Brown, F. D.; Keeling, E. L.; Le, A. D.; Swalla, B. J.(2009). Whole body regeneration in a colonial ascidian, Botrylloides violaceus.Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 312(8): 885-900; Sköld, H. N., Asplund, M. E.; Wood, C. A.; Bishop, J. D.(2011). Telomerase deficiency in a colonial ascidian after prolonged asexual propagation.Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 316(4): 276-283; Rinkevich, B. (2017). Senescence in Modular Animals. In: Sheferson, R.; Jones, O.; Salguero-Gómez,R.(Eds.).The Evolution of Senescence in the Tree of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 220-237; Laird, D. J.; Weiss man, I.(2004). Telomerase maintained in self-renewing tissues during serial regeneration of the urochordate Botryllus schlosseri.Developmental biology, 273(2)
:185-94。
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VIII 涡虫寿命重置参见：Tan, T. C. J.; Rahman, R.; Jaber-Hijazi, F.; et al.(2012). Telomere maintenance and telomerase activi ty are diferentially regulated in asexual and sexual worms.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(11): 4209-14;Mouton, S.; Grudniewska, M.; Glazenburg, L.; et al.(2018). Resilience to aging in the regeneration‐capable flatworm Mac rostomum lignano.Aging Cell. 17
:e12739。海星寿命重置参见：Garcia-Cisneros, A.; Pérez-Portela, R.; Almroth, B.; et al.(2015). Long telomeres are associated with clonality in wild populations of the fissiparous starfish Coscinasterias tenuispina.Heredity, 115: 437–443; Varney, R. M.;Po mory, C. M.; Janosik, A. M.(2017). Telomere elongation and telomerase expression in regenerating arms of the starfish Luidia clathrata (Asteroidea: Echinodermata).Marine biology, 164, 195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-017-3230-x。
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IX 细菌利用外来DNA修复自己的DNA：Kowalczykowski SC, Dixon DA, Eggleston AK, Lauder SD, Rehrauer WM (Sep tember 1994). “Biochemistry of homologous recombination in Escherichia coli”. Microbiological Reviews. 58 (3): 401–65.doi
:10.1128/MMBR.58.3.401-465.1994. PMC 372975. PMID 7968921；Cromie GA (August 2009). “Phylogenetic ubiquity and shufling of the bacterial RecBCD and AddAB recombination complexes”. Journal of Bacteriology. 191 (16): 5076–84.doi
:10.1128/JB.00254-09. PMC 2725590. PMID 19542287；Morimatsu K, Kowalczykowski SC (May 2003). “RecFOR pro teins load RecA protein onto gapped DNA to accelerate DNA strand exchange: a universal step of recombinational repair”. Molecular Cell. 11 (5): 1337–47. doi
:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00188-6. PMID 12769856。
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X 关于细菌的衰老：Moseley, J. B. (2013). “Cellular Aging: Symmetry Evades Senescence”. Current Biology. 23 (19)
:R871–R873. doi
:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.013；Stewart, E. J.; Madden, R.; Paul, G.; Taddei, F. (2005). “Aging and Death in an Organism That Reproduces by Morphologically Symmetric Division”. PLoS Biology. 3 (2): e45. doi
:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030045；Ackermann, M.; Stearns, S. C.; Jenal, U. (2003). “Senescence in a bacterium with asymmetric division”.Science. 300 (5627): 1920. doi
:10.1126/science.1083532；Watve, M., Parab, S., Jogdand, P., & Keni, S. (2006). Aging may be a conditional strategic choice and not an inevitable outcome for bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci ences, 103(40), 14831–14835. doi
:10.1073/pnas.0606499103。关于酵母的衰老：Jazwinski SM. The genetics of aging in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetica. 1993;91(1-3)
:35-51. doi
:10.1007/BF01435986；Aguilaniu, H. (2003). Asym metric Inheritance of Oxidatively Damaged Proteins During Cytokinesis. Science, 299(5613), 1751–1753. doi
:10.1126/sci ence.1080418。
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XI 剔除基因使酵母的寿命延长10倍参见：Wei, M.; Fabrizio, P.; Hu, J.; et al.(2008). Life span extension by calorie restric tion depends on Rim15 and transcription factors downstream of Ras/PKA, Tor, and Sch9.PLoS genetics, 4(1): e13。
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增章二
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Alberts, B.; Bray, D.; Hopkin, K.; Johnson, A.; et al.(2014).Essential cell biology(4th Edition), NY: Garland Science.
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Alberts, B.; Johnson, A.; Lewis, J.; Morgan, D.; et al.(2014).Molecular biology of the cell(6th Edition), NY: Garland Science.
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I 细胞内蛋白质浓度，参见：http://book.bionumbers.org/how-many-proteins-are-in-a-cell/; Ho, B.; Baryshnikova, A.; Brown, G. W.(2018). Unification of protein abundance datasets yields a quantitative saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome.Cell systems, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2017.12.004; Kim, M.; Pinto, S.; Getnet, D.; et al.(2014). A draft map of the human proteome.Nature, 509: 575–581; Wilhelm, M.; Schlegl, J.; Hahne, H.; et al.(2014). Mass-spectrometry-based draft of the human proteome.Nature, 509: 582–587。
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II 螃蟹计算机参见：Gunji,Y.-P.; Nishiyama, Y.; Adamatzky, A.(2012). Robust Soldier Crab Ball Gate. arXiv
:1204.1749[cs. ET]。
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III 酶与底物的结合参见：Koshland, D. E.(1958). Application of a Theory of Enzyme Specificity to Protein Synthesis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 44(2): 98–104。
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IV 核定位序列参考文献：Kirby, T. W.; Gassman, N. R.; Smith, C.E.; et al.(2017). DNA polymerase β contains a functional nuclear localization signal at its N-terminus.Nucleic acids research, 45(4)
:1958-1970。
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V 核数出序列参见：la Cour, T.; Kiemer, L.; Mølgaard, A.; et al.(2004). Analysis and prediction of leucine-rich nuclear export signals.Protein engineering design and selection, 17(6): 527–36。
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VI 内质网向高尔基体的囊泡转移参见：D’Arcangelo, J. G.; Stahmer, K. R.; Miller, E. A.(2013). Vesicle-mediated export from the ER: COPII coat function and regulation.Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1833(11): 2464-2472。
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VII 驱动蛋白参见：Woehlke, G.; Schliwa, M.(2000). Walking on two heads: the many talents of kinesin.Nature reviews molecular cell biology, 1(1): 50–58.。
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VIII 台球构型参考文献：Fredkin, E.; Tofoli, T.(1982). Conservative logic,International journal of theoretical physics, 21(3–4): 219–253。
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IX 布朗运动构型参考文献：Likharev, K. K.(1982). Classical and quantum limitations on energy consumption in computa tion.International journal of theoretical physics, 21(3): 311–326。
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X 查尔斯·班尼特对可逆计算的研究参见：Bennett, C. H.(1982). The thermodynamics of computation — a review.International journal of theoretical physics, 21(12): 905–940。
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XI RNA聚合酶催化可逆反应参见：Sydow, J. F.; Cramer, P.(2009). RNA polymerase fidelity and transcriptional proofread ing(PDF).Current opinion in structural biology, 19(6): 732–9。
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XII RNA聚合酶校正机制参见：Mishanina, T. V.; Palo, M. Z.; Nayak, D.; et al.(2017). Trigger loop of RNA polymerase is a positional, not acid–base, catalyst for both transcription and proofreading.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (26) E5103-E5112。
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XIII RNA聚合酶速度和精度参见：Maiuri, P.; Knezevich, A.; De Marco, A.; et al.(2011). Fast transcription rates of RNA polymerase II in human cells.Embo reports, 12(12)
:1280-1285; What is faster, transcription or translation?.Cell biology bythe numbers. http://book.bionumbers.org/what-is-faster-transcription-or-translation/; What is the error rate in transcription and translation?.Cell biology by the numbers. http://book.bionumbers.org/what-is-the-error-rate-in-transcription-and-translation/。
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XIV DNA聚合酶速度和精度参见：Pray, L.(2008). Major molecular events of DNA replication.Nature Education, 1(1): 99; Pray, L.(2008). DNA replication and causes of mutation.Nature Education, 1(1): 214; What is the mutation rate during genome replication?Cell biology by the numbers. http://book.bionumbers.org/what-is-the-mutation-rate-during-genome-replication/。
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