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第四章 多吃点，少吃点
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1. B. Caballero, “The Global Epidemic of Obesity: An Overview,” Epi demiologic Reviews 29 (2007): 1–5.
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2. W. Allen, “Notes from the Overfed (1968),” in Secret Ingredients: The New Yorker Book of Food and Drink, ed. D. Remnick (New York: Random House, 2007). Quote from page 402.
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3. E. J. McAllister et al., “Ten Putative Contributors to the Obesity Epidemic,” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 49 (2009): 868–913.
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4. G. Taubes, Good Calories, Bad Calories (New York: Anchor Books, 2007).
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5. D. C. Willcox et al., “Caloric Restriction and Human Longevity: What Can We Learn from the Okinawans?” Biogerontology 7 (2006): 173–177.
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6. R. Wrangham, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human (New York: Basic Books, 2009).
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7. M. Jones, Feast: Why Humans Share Food (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
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8. W. R. Leonard, J. J. Snodgrass, and M. L. Robertson, “Evolutionary Perspectives on Fat Ingestion and Metabolism in Humans,” in Fat Detection: Taste, Texture, and Post Ingestive Effects, ed. J. P. Montmayeur and J. le Coutre (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010).
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9. R. D. Mattes, “Fat Taste in Humans: Is It Primary?” in Fat Detection: Taste, Texture, and Post Ingestive Effects, ed. J. P. Montmayeur and J. le Coutre (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010). Mattes points out that calling fat or any other taste “primary” is a matter of defi nition, although sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami are recognized as primary tastes based on their unique and dedicated transduction mechanisms.
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10. A. K. Outram, “Hunter- Gatherers and the First Farmers,” in Food: The History of Taste, ed. P. Freedman, 35–61 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), quote from 46.
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11. J. E. Steiner et al., “Comparative Expression of Hedonic Impact: Affective Reactions to Taste by Human Infants and Other Primates,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 25 (2001): 53–74.
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12. Available at www.ers.usda.gov/Briefi ng/Sugar/Data.htm#yearbook(Table 50).
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13. S. B. Eaton, S. B. Eaton III, and M. J. Konner, “Paleolithic Nutrition Revisited,” in Evolutionary Medicine, ed. W. R. Trevathan, E. O. Smith, and J. J. McKenna, 313–332 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
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14. F. W. Marlowe and J. C. Berbesque, “Tubers as Fallback Foods and Their Impact on Hadza Hunter- Gatherers,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140 (2009): 751–758.
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15. G. K. Beauchamp et al., “Infant Salt Taste: Developmental, Methodological, and Contextual Factors,” Developmental Psychobiology 27 (1994): 353–365.
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16. M. L. Power and J. Schulkin, The Evolution of Obesity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 121.
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17. L. Tanner, “Zoo Animals in U. S. Eating Healthier Diets,” 2008. Available at www.redorbit.com/ news/ science/ 1320274/ zoo_animals_in_us_eating_healthier_diets/.
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18. N. Mrosovsky and D. F. Sherry, “Animal Anorexias,” Science 207(1980): 837–842.
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19. J. J. Brumberg, Fasting Girls: The History of Anorexia Nervosa (New York: Plume, 1980).
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20. D. A. Kessler, The End of Overeating: Taking Control of the Insatiable American Appetite (New York: Rodale, 2009).
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21. J. Nolte, The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy, 5th ed. (St. Louis: Mosby, 2002); D. U. Silverthorn, Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001); H. - R. Berthoud and C. Morrison, “The Brain, Appetite, and Obesity,” Annual Review of Psychology 59 (2008): 55–92.
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22. Berthoud and Morrison, “The Brain, Appetite, and Obesity.”
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23. E. R. Shell, The Hungry Gene: The Science of Fat and the Future of Thin (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2002); R. S. Ahima, “Revisiting Leptin’s Role in Obesity and Weight Loss,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 118(2008): 2380–2383.
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24. S. B. Heymsfi eld et al., “Recombinant Leptin for Weight Loss in Obese and Lean Adults,” Journal of the American Medical Association 282(1999): 1568–1575.
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