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(李夏玉 徐莹)
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内科学新进展 第七章 多器官功能障碍综合征
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摘 要 多脏器功能障碍综合征(MODS)是指机体遭受严重创伤、休克、感染等急性损伤24h后,同时或序贯地出现两个或两个以上系统或器官功能障碍或衰竭,即急性多个器官功能障碍已不能维持内环境稳定的临床综合征。全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的症状是MODS的主要临床特征,表现为继发于各种打击全身持续高代谢、高动力循环状态及过度的炎症反应。对于MODS治疗,主要措施是针对器官功能的有效支持。现代的免疫疗法和CRRT技术等方法体现了防治结合的原则,取得一定的效果。
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Abstract Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS)is defined as the original non-organ dysfunction of the body, in serious infection, trauma, shock, and other damage after 24h at the same time or sequential emergence of two or more systems or organ dysfunction or failure. This is a clinical syndrome that the patient’s organ dysfunction has been unable to maintain a stable environment. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS)is the main clinical feature of MODS. It refers to persistently high body metabolism, high circulatory state and excessive inflammatory response secondary to t a variety of fight against the body. The main treatment of MODS is effective support to the organ function. Modern immunotherapy, CRRT, and other technical methods combination of the principle of prevention and treatment and achieve positive results.
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多系统器官功能衰竭(multiple system organ failure, MSOF)是指在疾病演进中有两个或两个以上的脏器或系统序贯性进行性发生功能衰竭。它是一种以高血流动力学和高代谢状态为特征的特殊性临床综合征。一个器官衰竭者的死亡率为30%,两个器官衰竭的为60%,三个器官衰竭的为85%,而四个或四个以上的器官衰竭的死亡率几乎为100%。据美国1992年统计,在美国外科监护病房(ICU)中,治疗平均每例MSOF花费15万美元,但真正能救治成功的例数甚微,死亡人数占整个ICU死亡人数的50%以上。MSOF已成为当今外科ICU患者第一位的死因,也是许多疾病的共同归宿。而近年来提出的多脏器功能障碍综合征(MODS)更强调器官障碍是一个过程,在该综合征演变的早期阶段能得到的及时治疗将有利于改变疾病的预后。
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一、MODS的历史回顾
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第一次世界大战期间,由于失血性休克和感染是严重创伤后的首要致病因素,当时提出了心血管功能衰竭的概念。20世纪40年代以后,随着休克复苏技术的进步和各种抗生素的应用,使许多严重休克的感染伤员得以渡过早期的打击而幸存下来,但这些伤员面临着器官衰竭这一新的并发症的威胁。50年代朝鲜战争以及60年代越南战争期间,急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)以及弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)等单器官衰竭(single organ failure, SOF)成为严重创伤休克复苏后的主要死亡原因,从而促进了各种器官支持治疗的研究。血液透析的开展和人工机械通气技术的完善,使许多危重患者可以从早期的单器官衰竭中存活下来。然而,60年代末和70年代初,在外伤领域人们注意到当全身或某一器官遭受严重创伤应激后能导致其他器官的相继损害。据此,1969年,Skill-man提出外科危重病的一个最后共同途径:呼吸衰竭、低血压、脓毒病和黄疸综合征。1973年,Tilney报道一组18例腹主动脉瘤破裂被成功实施手术的患者,虽然开始时似乎稳定,不久却相继出现了多个器官和系统的衰竭,虽全力治疗,死亡率仍高达90%,因此Tilney将此综合征称为序贯性系统衰竭(sequntial system failure)。1975年,Baue在《Arch Surg》上发表一篇著名论文,题为“70年代综合征——进行性序贯性多系统器官衰竭”,对MSOF概念的确立做出了贡献。1976年Border和1977年Eiseman分别将其作为一个新的综合征正式命名为多系统器官衰竭(MSOF)和多器官衰竭(MOF),以后十几年间,MSOF和MOF的命名被普遍承认和接受。直到1992年,美国胸科医师学会(ACCP)和危重病学会(SCCM)共同倡议将MOF更名为多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, MODS),更加准确地反映此综合征呈进行性可逆性的特点,以指导早期诊断和防治。1995年10月,中华医学会也决定将MOF更名为MODS。目前,国际和国内学术界正逐步习惯于接受MODS这一新的命名。
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二、MODS及相关名词的概念及关系
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