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1．试述核素分子影像的进展及在肿瘤中的应用。
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2．心肌活力测定的意义、方法如何。
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3．PET脑成像进展及应用。
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参考文献
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[1] 陈旭娇．放射性核素显像检测存活心肌的新进展．心血管病学进展，2002，23(6)
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[2] 李少林．核医学．北京：人民卫生出版社，2002.
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[3] 马云川．PET与脑科学．基础医学与临床，1999，19(4)
:11-15.
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[4] 胡平、梁宏．临床核素影像诊断学．广州：广东科技出版社，2003.
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[5] 陈王景，吴华．核素炎症显像的研究进展．国外医学·放射医学核医学分册，2003，27(3)
:107-110.
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[6] 王雪鹃，张梅颖，林保和．肿瘤血管活性肠肽受体显像．国外医学·放射医学核医学分册，2001，25(2)
:65-69.
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[7] Zhuang HM, Alavi A. 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic imaging in the detection and monitoring of infection and inflammation. Seminar in Nuclear Medicine, 2002, 32(1)
:47-59.
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[8] 秦光明．肿瘤核素反义显像技术的研究现状与展望．国外医学·放射医学核医学分册，2001，25(5)
:213-216.
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[9] Gabatin AR. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy after orthotopic liver transplantati on. J Nucl Med, 1996, 37
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[10] Phelps ME. PET: The merging of biology and imaging into molecular imaging. J Nucl Med, 2000, 41(4)
:661-681.
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[11] Gambhir SS, Barrio JR, Herschman HR, rt al. Assay for noninvasive imaging of reporter gene expression. Nucl Med Biol, 1999, 26(5)
:481-490.
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（李林法）
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内科学新进展 第十五章 超声影像学在临床中的应用进展
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摘 要 超声影像学是现代医学发展中最快的领域之一，近年来的发展更是迅速，诸多新技术相继涌现，如二次谐波成像、能量多普勒显像、超声造影剂、高频腔内超声、三维成像技术、影像虚拟导航技术及介入超声等，这些技术的成熟和临床应用，使得超声影像学在临床上发挥更加重要的作用。超声影像学已经渗透到各个临床专业领域，受到了临床医师的认可和青睐。
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本章节将对超声医学的一个重要分支——介入性超声医学作一重点描述。从传统意义上讲，介入性超声通常是指在超声引导下的各种穿刺诊断和引流等技术。然而，从超声技术发展的新概念意义上讲，各种超声引导下的诊断与治疗、术中超声、侵入性超声、经腔超声、超声造影显像，以及高能聚焦超声治疗等，也应归属于介入性超声的范畴。固然，超声医学的发展与超声技术本身的进步密切相关，同时，也受益于临床各种微创诊断与治疗技术的不断创新和发展。无疑超声显像的自身特点，即实时、简便、无放射损伤、高分辨力、高度普及等，使之真正成为各种介入性诊断与治疗的首选方法。
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Abstract Ultrasonography is one of the fast developed modern medicine, especially in recent years. Many new techniques appear, such as second harmonic generation, power doppler imaging, ultrasound contrast agent, high-frequency endoluminal ultrasonography, three dimensional reconstruction, virtual navigation technology and interventional ultrasound. The development and clinical applications of the techniques mentioned above make ultrasonography play a more important role. Ultrasonography has（been）pervaded various fields of clinical medicine and is favored by the clinicians.
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This chapter will introduce interventional ultrasound in detail, for interventional ultrasound is one of the most important techniques among ultrasonography, even counted as one of the best. In the traditional sense, interventional ultrasound is interventional procedures for instance biopsies or drainage of fluid collections. But interventional ultrasound from a new concept of sense, includes various kinds of interventional procedures for diagnosis and treatment, intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring, invasive ultrasonography, endoluminal ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, high intensity focused ultrasound. There is no doubt that the development of ultrasonography is in close relationship with the technique itself. Moreover it also benefits from the innovation and development of the minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. The characteristics of ultrasonography itself such as real time, convenient, without radiation injury, high resolution, and widely used undoubtedly make ultrasonography the first choice for invasive diagnosis and treatment.
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