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关于HIV抗体检测法运作机制的进一步阐释,详见:“HIV assays:operational characteristics,” World Health Organization (2002).
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关于先天与后天免疫系统的进一步阐述,详见:Immunobiology ,5th edition,The Immune System in Health and Disease ,by Charles A Janeway Jr,Paul Travers,Mark Walport,and Mark J Shlomchik(Garland,2001).
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据美国疾控中心(CDC)的报告估计,在20世纪90年代中期,约有1/3被检测出HIV的患者并未回诊以取得其检测结果:“Advancing HIV prevention:new strategies for a changing epidemic—United States,2003,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52(2003).
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更多关于OraQuick及其他HIV抗体的快速检测法,详见:“A rapid review of rapid HIV antibody tests,” Current Infectious Disease Reports 8(2006).
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在20世纪90年代将HIV等同死刑的说法,载于:“HIV:Now and Then,” Gay Times 415(February 2013).
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4 病毒界的特洛伊木马
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大卫·巴里关于HIV的兴趣的描述,详见:“The Inside Story of the AIDS Drug,” Fortune(November 5,1990),亦可参见其讣闻:“David Barry:Key Researcher in the Development of AZT,” Guardian (March 8,2002).
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加洛关于HTLV-III导致艾滋病的报告:“A pathogenic retrovirus(HTLV-III)linked to AIDS,” New England Journal of Medicine 311(Nov 15,1984).
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关于逆转录病毒及其生命周期的阐述,详见:chapter 3 of Retroviruses :Molecular Biology,Genomics and Pathogenesis ,edited by Reinhard Kurth and Norbert Bannert(Caister Academic Press,2010).
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关于尿嘧啶的外星来源说的描述,详见:“The Surface Composition of Titan,” American Astronomical Society,DPS Meeting (March 2012).
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关于病毒及其分类学的讨论,详见:A Planet of Viruses by Carl Zimmer(University of Chicago Press ,2011).
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关于猫免疫缺陷病毒(FIV)在美洲狮身体中的漫长演化史的阐述,详见:“The molecular biology and evolution of feline immunodeficiency viruses of cougars,” Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 123(2008).
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关于在非洲绿猴间传播的猴免疫缺陷病毒(SIV)的漫长演化史的推想,详见:“SIVagm infection in wild African green monkeys from South Africa:epidemiology,natural history,and evolutionary considerations,” PLoS Pathogens 9(2012)and “Island biogeography reveals the deep history of SIV,” Science 329(2010).
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HIV的多样性及其与抗药性的关联,其详细的讨论内容可参见:“HIV drug resistance,” New England Journal of Medicine 350(2004).
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使巴尔的摩获得诺贝尔奖的逆转录酶研究成果,详见:“Reversal of information flow in the growth of RNA tumor viruses,” New England Journal of Medicine 284(1971).
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鸡尾酒疗法(HAART)如何在1996年改变了世界对于HIV的治疗方法,此过程详见:“The art of ‘HAART’:researchers probe the potential and limits of aggressive HIV treatments,” Journal of the American Medical Association 277(Feb 26,1997).
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5 从抗癌战役中借来的武器
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对于“二战”是否延宕了环境因子对致癌的影响评估,详见:“Historical threads in the development of oncology social work,” Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 27(2009).
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关于早期将癌症污名化的详情及玛丽·拉斯克的传记细节,可参阅收藏于美国国家卫生研究院的The Mary Lasker Papers 。援引的内容则节选自20年前约翰·T.梅森专访玛丽的录音,此档案由哥伦比亚大学收藏,数字化档案可在“著名纽约人士”网站查阅(http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/nny/laskerm/index.html)。
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关于玛丽如何说服美国国家广播公司对“癌症”一词的禁令,详见:“A Tribute to Mary Lasker,” Cancer News 48(1994).
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霍维茨第一篇研究齐多夫定(AZT)的论文:“Nucleosides. IX. The formation of 2’,2’-unsaturated pyrimidine nucleosides via a novel beta-elimination reaction,” Journal of Organic Chemistry 31(1966).
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关于DNA复制机制的权威著作:DNA Replication ,2nd edition,by Arthur Kornberg(University Science Books,1992.
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关于霍维茨博士的背景信息,来自下列来源以及对其同事与家族成员的采访。遗憾的是,霍维茨已于2012年9月6日去世。
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“The Inside Story of the AIDS Drug,” Fortune (November 5,1990).
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“The Story of AZT:Partnership and Conflict,” Scribd (2006).
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