打字猴:1.70064913e+09
1700649130
1700649131 “一些非常有意思的化合物,只等待正确的疾病到来”,引自霍维茨:“A Failure Led to Drug Against AIDS,” New York Times (September 20,1986).
1700649132
1700649133 布罗德尔的谈话与相关背景信息,皆援引自美国国家卫生研究院的在线数据库:“In their own words,NIH researchers recall the early years of AIDS,” http://history.nih.gov/nihinownwords/index.html.另一篇他所撰述的论文:“The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic,” Antiviral Research 85(2010).
1700649134
1700649135 关于加洛于1984年出版的研讨会专著的详情,除了参考对其个人的采访外,还可参见:Virus Hunting:Aids,Cancer,and the Human Retrovirus:A Story of Scientific Discovery by Robert Gallo(1993).其他细节则来自海克勒的专访,该采访收录于:PBS Frontline program “The Age of AIDS ”(2006).
1700649136
1700649137 加洛与其团队以HTLV-III来称呼现今所谓的HIV,此事可参见:“Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic references(HTLV-III)from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS,” Science 224(1984).
1700649138
1700649139 安东尼·福奇的引述:“胎儿是有什么样的生活习惯,才会染上这种疾病?”来自美国国家卫生研究院的在线数据库:“In their own words,NIH researchers recall the early years of AIDS,” http://history.nih.gov/nihinownwords/index.html.
1700649140
1700649141 有许多文献来源指出HIV患者于20世纪八九十年代广受歧视。下列文献记录了一些带有歧视的特定行为:
1700649142
1700649143 “Ban on deadly kiss of life,” Sunday Mirror (February 17,1985).
1700649144
1700649145 “AIDS:prejudice and progress,” Time (September 8,1986).
1700649146
1700649147 “Voices:The miracle of Ryan White,” Time (April 23,1990).
1700649148
1700649149 关于珍妮特·赖德奥特的背景及其在AZT开发中扮演的角色,可参见:“The Inside Story of the AIDS Drug,” Fortune (November 5,1990).
1700649150
1700649151 包含“试验就是治疗”在内的抗议陈述,皆援引自对早期与近期社会运动者的采访内容。
1700649152
1700649153 6 站出来的日子
1700649154
1700649155 皮尤研究中心在报告中指出,1980年后出生的人中有70%支持同性婚姻:“Growing Support for Gay Marriage:Changed Minds and Changing Demographics,”(March 20,2013).
1700649156
1700649157 《吉屋出租》的剧本和音乐皆为乔纳森·拉森所作,于1996年4月成为百老汇的一部作品,并在纽约市的纳德兰德剧院上演。
1700649158
1700649159 关于AZT在治疗AIDS上首次出现显著疗效的报告,详见:“AIDS therapy:first tentative signs of therapeutic promise,” Nature 323(1986).
1700649160
1700649161 第一篇阐述AZT作为抗病毒制剂(其所抗的病毒即为后来的HIV)的报告:“3’-Azido-3’-deoxythymidine(BW A509U):an antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitro,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 82(1985).
1700649162
1700649163 第一篇探讨AZT在AIDS患者身上引起的毒性问题报告:“The toxicity of azidothymidine(AZT)in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex,” New England Journal of Medicine 317(1987).在这篇论文中,列出了31%服用AZT的患者皆需进行红细胞输血,而服用安慰剂的则仅有11%需要。该研究亦列出数项AZT所引起的副作用,84%服用AZT的患者都产生了副作用。
1700649164
1700649165 首篇关于AZT在临床试验上的报告:“The efficacy of azidothymidine(AZT)in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex,a double-blind,placebo-controlled trial,” New England Journal of Medicine 317(1987).
1700649166
1700649167 关于AZT在骨髓中作用的讨论,详见:Pluda JM,Mitsuya H,Yarchoan R,“Hematologic effects of AIDS therapies,” Hematology Oncology Clinics of North America 5(1991),and “Zidovudine pharmacokinetics in zidovudine-induced bone marrow toxicity,” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 37(1994).
1700649168
1700649169 关于AZT开发的背景可于以下著作的绪论中找到:North Carolina and the Problem of AIDS:Advocacy,Politics,and Race in the South by Stephen Inrig(University of North Carolina Press,2011).
1700649170
1700649171 “The debate over AZT clinical trials,” Harvard University,John F. Kennedy School of Government,Case program(1999).
1700649172
1700649173 The Ethics and the Business of Bioscience by Margaret L. Eaton(Stanford Business Books,2004).
1700649174
1700649175 关于AZT成本的报道:“AZT Inhuman Cost,” New York Times (August 28,1989).
1700649176
1700649177 宝来威康公司在1992年获利4亿美金,详见:“Market Place:Burroughs Wellcome,Analysts Say,Is More than Just AZT,” New York Times (June 10,1993).
1700649178
1700649179 关于AZT和AIDS引起的文化现象,详见ACT UP口述史项目:http://www.actuporalhistory.org/interviews/index.html.
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.70064913e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]