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[37]http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Alexander_Fleming
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[38]Rothman, L. This Is What Happened to the First American Treated With Penicillin. Time (2016).
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[39]Turner, P. E. et al. Antibiotic resistance correlates with transmission in plasmid evolution. Evolution 68, 3368—3380 (2014).
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[40]Fiers, W. D., Craighead, M. & Singh, I. Teixobactin and Its Analogues:A New Hope in Antibiotic Discovery. ACS Infect Dis 3, 688—690 (2017). 19 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance
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[41]https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance
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[42]Kmietowicz, Z. Few novel antibiotics in the pipeline, WHO warns. BMJ 358, j4339 (2017).
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[43]Kumar, A. et al. Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a f ivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest 136, 1237—1248 (2009).这篇文章虽被广泛引用,但其实许多顶尖的败血症研究者质疑其成果。关于这些议题,下面这篇文章很好地进行了总结:Singer, M. Antibiotics for Sepsis: Does Each Hour Really Count, or Is It Incestuous Amplif ication? American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 196, 800—802 (2017)。
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[44]Singer, M. et al. The Third International Consensus Def initions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315, 801—810 (2016).
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[45]Whyte, M. B. An argument against the use of Occam’s razor in modern medical education. Med Teach 40, 99—100 (2018).
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[46]Horror Autotoxicus and Other Concepts of Paul Ehrlich. JAMA 176,50—51 (1961).
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[47]Strachan, D. P. Family size, infection and atopy: the f irst decade of the‘hygiene hypothesis’. Thorax 55, S2—S10 (2000).
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第三章 皮肤与骨骼
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[48]Wood, F. M., Stoner, M. L., Fowler, B. V. & Fear, M. W. The use of a non-cultured autologous cell suspension and Integra dermal regeneration template to repair full-thickness skin wounds in a porcine model: a one-step process. Burns 33, 693—700 (2007).
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[49]Fierer, N. et al. Forensic identif ication using skin bacterial communities.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 6477—6481 (2010).
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[50]Harris, S. Free Will. (Simon & Schuster, 2012).
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[51]Hallett, M. Volitional control of movement: the physiology of free will. Clin Neurophysiol 118, 1179—1192 (2007).
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[52]大卫·杜楚尼(David Duchovny),美国电视剧演员,《X档案》男主角穆德警官的扮演者。
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[53]Goetz, L. H. & Schork, N. J. Personalized medicine: motivation,challenges, and progress. Fertil. Steril. 109, 952—963 (2018).
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[54]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_cold_wave
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[55]Campbell, D. NHS intensive care units sending patients elsewhere due to lack of beds. The Guardian (2018).
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[56]维克多·埃米尔·弗兰克尔(Viktor Emil Frankl,1905—1997),美国临床心理学家,犹太人大屠杀幸存者,意义治疗的奠基人,代表作有《活出生命的意义》《追求意义的意志》《无意义生活之痛苦》等。
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[57]Frankl, V. E. (2006). Man’s Search for Meaning. Boston: Beacon Press.
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[58]Westwood, N. Going Lean in the NHS. NHS England (2007).
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[59]节礼日(Boxing Day),英国特有的一个圣诞期间节日,定于每年12月26日,这一天全英国的商家都用打折吸引顾客。
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[60]WHO. Road traff ic injuries. World Health Organization (2018).
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