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[3] Martensen, R. (2004), The Brain Takes Shape (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 52–5.
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[4] The Passions of the Soul, paragraphs 33, in Descartes, R. (1985), The Philosophical Writings of Descartes (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), p. 341.
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[5] 笛卡儿关于动物机器的观点究竟是什么意思，有很多哲学上的争论，一个可供参考的例子见：Newman, L. (2001), Canadian Journal of Philosophy 31
:389–426。
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[6] The Passions of the Soul, paragraphs 32 and 34, in Descartes (1985), pp. 340–41.
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[7] Descartes (1985), pp. 100–101.
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[8] 现实存在的和想象中的自动机古已有之，但为什么自动机没有激起其他哲学家同样的思考，至今原因不明。
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[9] 具体讨论见：Huxley, T. (1898), Collected Essays, vol. 1: Method and Results (London: Macmillan), pp. 211–12。
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[10] 根据历史学者埃丽卡·戴格尔的说法，“精气的本质一直困扰着盖伦学说的读者，这些困惑的读者中也包括维萨里、托马斯·威利斯、笛卡儿以及17世纪其他对此有兴趣的人”。她可以把我也加到这个名单上。见：Daigle, E. (2009), ‘Reconciling Matter and Spirit: The Galenic Brain in Early Modern Liter-ature’, PhD thesis, University of Iowa, USA, p. 7, http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/286。
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[11] Steno, N. (1965), Nicolaus Steno’s Lecture on the Anatomy of the Brain (Copenhagen
:Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck), p. 124.
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[12] 所有的材料来自Swammerdam, J. (1758), The Book of Nature (London: Seyffert), vol. 2, can be found on pp. 122–32; Malpighi, M. (1666), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2: 491–2; Cobb, M. (2002), Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3
:395–400。
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[13] Dick, O. (ed.) (2016), Aubrey’s Brief Lives (London: Vintage), p. cxx.
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[14] 罗伯特·波义耳（1627—1691），爱尔兰化学家，近代化学的奠基人，对化学和物理学都有杰出贡献。——译者注
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[15] Frank, R. (1990), in G. Rousseau (ed.), The Language of Psyche: Mind and Body in Enlightenment Thought (Berkeley: University of California Press), pp. 107–47, p. 123; Zimmer, C. (2004), Soul Made Flesh: Thomas Willis, the English Civil War and the Mapping of the Mind (London: Heinemann).
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[16] 克里斯托弗·雷恩（1632—1723），英国天文学家、建筑师、英国皇家学会创始人之一，最著名的建筑作品是伦敦的圣保罗大教堂。——译者注
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[17] Cole, F. (1944), A History of Comparative Anatomy: From Aristotle to the Eighteenth Century (London: Macmillan), p. 222.
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[18] Frank (1990), p. 126.
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[19] 材料来自Willis, T. (1684), Dr Willis’s Practice of Physick, Being the Whole Works of That Renowned and Famous Physician (London: Dring, Harper and Lee), can be found on pp. 71, 75, 92–3, 96。
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[20] “印象”（impression）一词在17世纪被人们用作“感觉”的同义词，表达了这样一种观点：通过某种压力，感觉会改变神经的形状或功能，从而留下某种物理痕迹，也就是“印象”。
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[21] Cobb, M. (2006), The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth Century Scientists Who Unravelled the Secrets of Sex, Life and Growth (London: Free Press).
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[22] Kardel, T. and Maquet, P. (eds.) (2013), Nicolaus Steno: Biography and Original Papers of a 17th Century Scientist (London: Springer), p. 508.
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[23] 本条和下一条引述来自Steno (1965), pp. 127, 136。
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[24] Kardel and Maquet (2013), p. 516.
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[25] Collingwood, R. (1945), The Idea of Nature (Oxford: Clarendon).
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[26] Hobbes, T. (1651), Leviathan, or, The Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common Wealth, Ecclesiasticall and Civil (London: Crooke), p. 1.
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[27] Whitaker, K. (2004), Mad Madge: Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, Royalist, Writer and Romantic (London: Vintage).
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