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[60] Ibid., p. 335.
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[61] Longet, F.-A. (1842), Anatomie et physiologie du système nerveux de l’homme et des animaux vertebrés, vol. 1 (Paris: Fortin, Masson et Cie), pp. 138–9.
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[62] Matteucci, C. (1844), Traité des phénomènes électro-physiologiques des animaux (Paris: Fortin, Masson et Cie).
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[63] Matteucci, C. (1845), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 135: 303–17, p. 317.
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[64] Matteucci, C. (1850), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 140: 645–9, p. 648.
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[65] Finger, S. and Wade, N. (2002a), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 11
:136–55; Finger, S. and Wade, N. (2002b), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 11: 234–54.
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[66] 本条和下一条引述来自Müller, J. (1843), Elements of Physiology (Philadelphia
:Lea and Blanchard), pp. 513, 515, 532。
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[67] 鲁道夫·菲尔绍（1821—1902），德国医生、病理学家，被誉为“现代病理学之父”。——译者注
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[68] Otis, L. (2007), Müller’s Lab (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
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[69] Finkelstein, G. (2014), in C. Smith and H. Whitaker (eds.), Brain, Mind and Consciousness in the History of Neuroscience (New York: Springer), pp. 163–84, p. 164.
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[70] Clarke, E. and Jacyna, L. (1987), Nineteenth-Century Origins of Neuroscientific Concepts (London: University of California Press), p. 211.
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[71] 扎紧的神经仍然能够传导电流这一现象可以用神经周围的导电液体来解释。
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[72] Bowditch, H. (1886), Science 8: 196–8, pp. 196–7.
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[73] Meulders, M. (2010), Helmholtz: From Enlightenment to Neuroscience (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
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[74] Finger and Wade (2002a), p. 152.
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[75] 这个隐喻是双向的：不仅神经系统被比喻为电报系统，电报系统也被比喻为一个国家的神经系统。用当时的语言来表述，电报和神经都能在瞬间传递信息并使人行动起来。
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[76] Lenoir, T. (1994), Osiris 9: 184–207.
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[77] Helmholtz, H. (1875), On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music (London: Longmans, Green), p. 224.
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[78] Odling, E. (1878), Memoir of the Late Alfred Smee, FRS, by his Daughter (London
:Bell and Sons). 在为撰写本章展开的调研中，我从科学史家伊万·里斯·莫罗斯（Iwan Rhys Morus）的著作中看到了斯密的名字。在此之前，我没有听说过斯密。
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[79] Smee, A. (1849), Elements of Electro-Biology, or, the Voltaic Mechanism of Man (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans), p. 39.
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[80] Ibid., p. 45.
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[81] 本条引述和后面几个段落中的引述来自Smee, A. (1850), Instinct and Reason Deduced from Electro-Biology (London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve), pp. 29, 211, 98。图是第210页反面的8号板。
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[82] Morus, I. (1998), Frankenstein’s Children: Electricity, Exhibition, and Experiment in Early-Nineteenth-Century London (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 150.
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[83] 本段和后面两段来自Smee, A. (1851), The Process of Thought Adapted to Words and Language, Together with a Description of the Relational and Differential Machines (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans), pp. xv, 2, 39, 40, 42–3, 45, 49–50. Boden, M. (2006), Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon), vol. 1, p. 121处指出，斯密受到了乔治·布尔出版于1847年的著作The Mathematical Analysis of Logic的影响。斯密的著作中没有引用布尔的著作或提及布尔的思想，计算领域的历史学家认为二人之间没有关系，见：Buck, G. and Hunka, S. (1999), IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 21: 21–7。
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[84] Aspray, W. (1990), Computing Before Computers (Ames: Iowa State University Press), pp. 108–10.
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