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[3] Shuttleworth, S. (1989), in J. Christie and S. Shuttleworth (eds.), Nature Transfigured
:Science and Literature, 1700–1900 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 121–51; Boshears, R. and Whitaker, H. (2013), Progress in Brain Research 205
:87–112.
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[4] 狄更斯是个例外，他完全不相信这一套。在《远大前程》中，罪犯马格韦契解释说，监狱的访问者没有用简单的原因来解释他的行为，而是对他进行了颅相学检查：“他们测量了我的头……可他们更应该测量我的胃。”
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[5] McLaren, A. (1981), Comparative Studies in Society and History 23: 3–22.
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[6] Clark and Jacyna (1987), pp. 222–3.
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[7] Gall, F. and Spurzheim, G. (1810), Anatomie et physiologie du système nerveux en général, et du cerveau en particulier, vol. 1 (Paris: Schoell), p. xvii.
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[8] Young, R. (1990), Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century: Cerebral Localization and its Biological Context from Gall to Ferrier (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 56.
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[9] Gall, F. and Spurzheim, G. (1812), Anatomie et physiologie du système nerveux en général, et du cerveau en particulier, vol. 2 (Paris: Schoell), p. 225; Gall, F. (1818), Anatomie et physiologie du système nerveux en général, et du cerveau en particulier, vol. 3 (Paris: Librairie Grècquelatine-allemande), pp. 307–22.
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[10] 加尔使用了“hauteur”这个词来表示“自尊心”，这个词还有“高度”的意思。
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[11] Boring, E. (1950), A History of Experimental Psychology (Englewood Cliffs
:Prentice-Hall), p. 53; Boshears and Whitaker (2013).
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[12] Spurzheim, J. (1815), The Physiognomical System of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim (London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy).
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[13] Gall (1818), p. xxix.
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te” aid=“239”>
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[14] Ibid. and McLaren (1981).
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[15] Cooter, R. (1984), The Cultural Meaning of Popular Science: Phrenology and the Organisation of Consent in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
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[16] Combe, G. (1836), Testimonials on Behalf of George Combe, as a Candidate for the Chair of Logic in the University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh: Anderson), p. 5; Parsinnen (1974), p. 1.
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[17] McLaren (1981).
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[18] Hegel, G. (2003), The Phenomenology of Mind (Mineola: Dover), pp. 175–98.
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[19] Napoleon (1824), Profils des contemporains (Paris: Pollet), p. 54.
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[20] 所有引述均来自Roget, P. (1824b), Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 3 (Edinburgh: Constable)–entry on Cranioscopy。
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[21] 在1834年发表的一篇对英国数学家玛丽·萨默维尔的著作《论物理科学间的联系》的评论中，英国哲学家、科学史家威廉·惠威尔首次在印刷品中使用了“科学家”这个词。这个词是他在几年前创造的，用来描述英国科学促进会的“绅士们”。见：Whewell, W. (1834), The Quarterly Review 51
:54–68, p. 59。
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[22] Clark, J. and Hughes, T. (1980), The Life and Letters of the Reverend Adam Sedgwick, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 83.
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[23] Parssinen (1974), p. 12.
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[24] Young (1990), p. 61.
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[25] 材料来自Flourens, P. (1842), Recherches expérimentales sur les propriétés et les fonctions du système nerveux, dans les animaux vertébrés (Paris: Ballière), pp. 135, 131, 132, 244。
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[26] Swazey, J. (1970), Journal of the History of Biology 3: 213–34.
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