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[9] Ranvier, L.-A. (1878), Leçons sur l’Histologie du système nerveux (Paris: Savy), p. 131; Boullerne, A. (2016), Experimental Neurology 283B: 431–45.
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[10] Shepherd (2016), p. 163.
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[11] Cajal (1937), pp. 356–7.
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[12] Ibid., p. 358.
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[13] Jones, E. (1999), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 8: 170–78; Bock, O. (2013), Endeavour 37: 228–34.
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[14] Shepherd (2016), p. 189.
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[15] 冯·瓦尔德耶很擅长创造新词。3年前,他创造了“染色体”(chromosome)这个术语,用来描述细胞中被染色后会着色的神秘线状结构(“chromo-”和“-some”的意思分别是“有颜色的”和“实体”)。
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[16] Ibid., p. 229.
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[17] López-Muñoz, F., et al. (2006), Brain Research Bulletin 70: 391–405.
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[18] Golgi, C. (1967), in Nobel Foundation (ed.) Nobel Lectures. Physiology or Medicine, 1901–1921 (Amsterdam: Elsevier), pp. 215, 216.
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[19] Cajal, S. (1894a), Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 55: 444–68,均由我翻译。Jones (1999).
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[20] Cajal (1894a), p. 444.
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[21] 在Cajal (1894a), pp. 457, 465处可以找到“单元”的概念。
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[22] Ibid., p. 450.
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[23] Ibid., p. 465; Berlucchi, G. (1999), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 8
:191–201.
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[24] Shepherd (2016), pp. 203–10.
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[25] James (1890), vol. 2, p. 581.
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[26] Cajal (1894a), p. 452.
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[27] Otis, L. (2001), Networking: Communicating with Bodies and Machines in the Nineteenth Century (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press); Otis, L. (2002), Journal of the History of Ideas 63: 105–28.这些著作和论文对我帮助很大。
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[28] 此处的“经验”指的是生物体对外部世界的感知和反应所产生的效果,大致可以理解为经历和体验。——译者注
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[29] Cajal (1894a), pp. 466, 467.
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[30] Demoor, J. (1896), Archives de Biologie 14: 723–52; Jones, E. (1994), Trends in Neurosciences 17: 190–92; Berlucchi, G. (2002), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 11: 305–9.
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[31] Cajal (1894a), pp. 467–8. 卡哈尔著作的一些近期英文译本认为,卡哈尔采用了马克斯·诺尔道(Max Nordau)的表述,将感觉器官描述为“真正的计算机器”,见:Cajal, S. (1999), Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates (Berlin: Springer), p. 8,或者“计算装置”,见:Cajal, S. (1995), Histology of the Nervous System (Oxford: Oxford University Press)。事实上,Nordau (1885), Paradoxe (Leipzig: Elischer Nachfolger)中使用的短语是“Zusammenfassung zahlreiche Organe”,意思是“多个器官的组合”。看起来极有可能是卡哈尔或其他人对此翻译有误,令这个问题从此变得复杂。没有证据显示卡哈尔将神经系统的任何部分看作某种计算装置。对该问题的全面讨论见theideaofthebrain.com。
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[32] Cajal, S. (1894b), Les Nouvelles idées sur la structure du système nerveux chez l’homme et chez les vertébrés (Paris: Reinwald), p. x.
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[33] Bergson, H. (1911), Matter and Memory (London: Allen and Unwin), pp. 19–20.
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