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[23] Ibid., p. 465; Berlucchi, G. (1999), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 8
:191–201.
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[24] Shepherd (2016), pp. 203–10.
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[25] James (1890), vol. 2, p. 581.
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[26] Cajal (1894a), p. 452.
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[27] Otis, L. (2001), Networking: Communicating with Bodies and Machines in the Nineteenth Century (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press); Otis, L. (2002), Journal of the History of Ideas 63: 105–28.这些著作和论文对我帮助很大。
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[28] 此处的“经验”指的是生物体对外部世界的感知和反应所产生的效果，大致可以理解为经历和体验。——译者注
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[29] Cajal (1894a), pp. 466, 467.
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[30] Demoor, J. (1896), Archives de Biologie 14: 723–52; Jones, E. (1994), Trends in Neurosciences 17: 190–92; Berlucchi, G. (2002), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 11: 305–9.
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[31] Cajal (1894a), pp. 467–8. 卡哈尔著作的一些近期英文译本认为，卡哈尔采用了马克斯·诺尔道（Max Nordau）的表述，将感觉器官描述为“真正的计算机器”，见：Cajal, S. (1999), Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates (Berlin: Springer), p. 8，或者“计算装置”，见：Cajal, S. (1995), Histology of the Nervous System (Oxford: Oxford University Press)。事实上，Nordau (1885), Paradoxe (Leipzig: Elischer Nachfolger)中使用的短语是“Zusammenfassung zahlreiche Organe”，意思是“多个器官的组合”。看起来极有可能是卡哈尔或其他人对此翻译有误，令这个问题从此变得复杂。没有证据显示卡哈尔将神经系统的任何部分看作某种计算装置。对该问题的全面讨论见theideaofthebrain.com。
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[32] Cajal, S. (1894b), Les Nouvelles idées sur la structure du système nerveux chez l’homme et chez les vertébrés (Paris: Reinwald), p. x.
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[33] Bergson, H. (1911), Matter and Memory (London: Allen and Unwin), pp. 19–20.
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[34] Keith, A. (1919), The Engines of the Human Body (London: Williams and Norgate), p. 259; Kirkland, K. (2002), Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 45: 212–23.
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[35] Keith (1919), pp. 261–2.
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[36] Otis (2001), p. 67.
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[37] Robinson, J. (2001), Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission: Bridging the Gaps (1890–1990) (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 21.
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[38] Foster, M. and Sherrington, C. (1897), A Text Book of Physiology, part III: The Central Nervous System (London: Macmillan), pp. 928–9.
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[39] Ibid., p. 969.
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[40] 材料来自Sherrington (1906), pp. 2, 3, 18。
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[41] 引述来自ibid., pp. 141, 155, 39。
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[42] Ibid., p. 39.
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[43] Valenstein, E. (2005), The War of the Soups and the Sparks: The Discovery of Neurotransmitters and the Dispute Over How Nerves Communicate (New York
:Columbia University Press).另见：Dupont, J.-C. (1999), Histoire de la neurotrans-mission (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France); Robinson (2001); Marcum, J. (2006), Annals of Science 63: 139–56。我并未引用沃尔特·加斯科尔和沃尔特·坎农的工作，因为这会令大家的注意力从核心思想中偏离。
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[44] Valenstein (2005), p. 6.
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[45] Ackerknecht, E. (1974), Medical History 18: 1–8.
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[46] Valenstein (2005), p. 19.
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[47] Ibid., p. 22.
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