打字猴:1.700677624e+09
1700677624 甚至像口渴这样简单的事情也是非常复杂的:2019年,研究人员发表了一项研究结果,这项研究探索了小鼠饮水解渴时脑中34个脑区的24000个神经元的活动。超过一半的神经元以各种方式参与到了这种极其简单的行为中——口渴以及对这种感觉的行为反应,似乎广泛地分布在小鼠的脑中。[76] 此外,当小鼠奔跑或者移动它们的胡须时,通常被认为与运动控制无关的脑区也被激活了,并且会影响视觉皮层神经元的活动。[77]
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1700677626 最后,哺乳动物脑的行事方式可能并不是最好的或者唯一的,这表明对结构和功能的鉴定未必是绝对的。通过刺激、消融和比较研究,研究人员已经反复证明了大脑皮层在高级心理功能中的作用。人类的大脑皮层有复杂的皱褶,表现出了最高水平的皮层复杂性和心理丰富性。然而,虽然鸟类的脑不像哺乳动物的脑那样拥有分层的皮层,但鸟类却能执行一些高度复杂的心理过程,在许多方面与哺乳动物的能力不相上下。新喀鸦(New Caledonian crow)不仅会制造工具,还会为了制造某种工具先制造其他需要的工具。喜鹊甚至能够通过“镜子自我识别测试”(mirror self-recognition test),学界通常认为这代表一种动物具有自我意识。[78] 尽管鸟类和哺乳动物脑的组织方式可能有一个共同的发育起源,但这里的关键点是,不同的结构显然可以产生相同的功能。[79]
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1700677628 这就引出了理解脑的工作机制这个领域中最大的问题——脑是如何产生意识的,以及哪些动物具有意识。几个世纪以来,这个问题一直是哲学家的研究领域,但在过去的大约半个世纪里,科学家们已经开始认真地试图解决这个“问题之王”了。
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1700677630 [1] https://www.wired.com/2017/05/star-neuroscientist-tom-insel-leaves-google-spawned-verily-startup/.
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1700677634 [3] Beckmann, E. (2006), British Journal of Radiology 79: 5–8, pp. 6–7.
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1700677640 [6] 如果你对此感到困惑,请记住,这其实只是血液氧合水平差异在屏幕上的呈现方式,脑不会发光。
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1700677642 [7] 坎维舍的这些引述来自Kanwisher, N. (2017), Journal of Neuroscience 37: 1056–61, p. 1056。
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1700677664 [18] 1英寸=2.54厘米。——译者注
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1700677666 [19] 1磅≈0.45千克。——译者注
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1700677668 [20] Margulies, D. (2012), in S. Choudhury and J. Slaby (eds.), Critical Neuroscience: A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts of Neuroscience (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 273–85.
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