打字猴:1.70068711e+09
1700687110 48  Blundon, J. A.&Zakharenko, S.S.‘Dissecting the components of long-term potentiation’.Neuroscientist ,14,598-608(2008).
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1700687112 第三章 遛狗
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1700687114 1  Loh, K. K.&Kanai, R.‘Higher media multi-tasking activity is associated with smaller gray-matter density in the anterior cingulate cortex’.PLoS One ,9,e106698(2014).
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1700687116 2  Schaefer, S. et al.‘Cognitive performance is improved while walking:differences in cognitive-sensorimotor couplings between children and young adults’.European Journal of Developmental Psychology ,7,371-89(2010).
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1700687118 3  Berman, M. G.,Jonides, J.&Kaplan, S.‘The cognitive benefts of interacting with nature’.Psychological Science ,19,1207-12(2008).
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1700687120 4  同上。
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1700687122 5  Atchley, R. A.,Strayer, D.L.&Atchley, P.‘Creativity in the wild:improving creative reasoning through immersion in natural settings’.PLoS One ,7,e51474(2012).
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1700687124 6  Stourton, E.Diary of a Dog Walker:Time Spent Following a Lead .(Doubleday,2011).
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1700687126 7  Wells, M. J.&Young, J.Z.‘The effect of splitting part of the brain or removal of the median inferior frontal lobe on touch learning in octopus’.Journal of Experimental Biology ,50,515-26(1969);另请参阅Wells, M.J.&Young, J.Z.‘The median inferior frontal lobe and touch learning in the octopus’.Journal of Experimental Biology ,56,381-402(1972).
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1700687128 8  Sutherland, N. S.‘Shape discrimination in rat, octopus and goldfsh:a comparative study’.Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology ,67,160-76(1969).
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1700687130 9  Fiorito, G.,Agnisola, C.,d’Addio, M.,Valanzano, A.&Calamdrei, G.‘Scopol-amine impairs memory recall in Octopus vulgaris’.Neuroscience Letters ,253,87-90(1998).
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1700687132 10  Moriyama, T.&Gunji, Y.-P.‘Autonomous learning in maze solution by octopus’.Ethology ,103,499-513(1997).
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1700687134 11  Fiorito, G.&Scotto, P.‘Observational learning in Octopus vulgaris’.Science ,256,545-7(1992).
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1700687136 12  Giuditta, A. et al.‘Nuclear counts in the brain lobes of Octopus vulgaris as a function of body size’.Brain Research ,25,55-62(1971).
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1700687138 13  Herculano-Houzel, S.‘The human brain in numbers:a linearly scaled-up primate brain’.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ,3,31(2009).
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1700687140 14  Juorio, A. V.‘Catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine in nervous tissue of cephalopods’.Journal of Physiology ,216,213-26(1971).
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1700687142 15  Diamond, M. C.,Krech, D.&Rosenzweig, M.R.‘The effects of an enriched environment on the histology of the rat cerebral cortex’.Journal of Comparative Neurology ,123,111-20(1964).
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1700687144 16  环境丰富的好处包括神经元的胞体大小增加、大脑整体重量增加、皮层厚度增加、树“突棘”(细胞分支上允许高度特异性链接的一系列微小凸起)数量增加、突触连接尺寸增加因此连接也增加以及神经胶质细胞增加(确保作为主力的神经元拥有一个良好的微环境,承担类似管家的职责)。
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1700687146 17  Valero, J. et al.,‘Short-term environmental enrichment rescues adult neurogene-sis and memory defcits in APPSw, Ind transgenic mice’.PLoS One ,6,2(2011).
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1700687148 18  Speisman, R. B.et al.‘Environmental enrichment restores neurogenesis and rapid acquisition in aged rats’.Neurobiology of Aging ,34,263-74(2013).
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1700687150 19  Van Dellen, A. et al.‘Delaying the onset of Huntington’s in mice’.Nature ,404,721-2(2000).
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1700687152 20  Young, D. et al.‘Environmental enrichment inhibits spontaneous apoptosis, prevents seizures and is neuroprotective’.Nature Medicine ,5,448-53(1999);另请参阅Johansson, B.B.‘Functional outcome in rats transferred to an enriched environment 15 days after focal brain ischemia’.Stroke ,27,324-6(1996).
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1700687154 21  Amaral, O. B.et al.‘Duration of environmental enrichment influences the magnitude and persistence of its behavioral effects on mice’.Physiology&Behavior ,93,388-94(2008).
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1700687156 22  似乎环境的丰富也可能有更微妙的影响。无论给予的物体是令人厌恶的、奖励性的还是中性的,生活在环境贫乏笼子里的水貂花更多时间与新颖的物体交往。也就是新近有了这些特权的水貂比之前就在丰富环境笼子里待着的水貂更快与这些物体建立关系。从这项观察研究中得出的结论是,在贫乏环境中长大的动物明显更“无聊”。我们确实需要小心,不要过度解释这些结果,不然会听到这样的警告:每当我们使用最适合人类行为方式的术语时,谨慎的做法是不要过于随便地使用这个术语。水貂不是人类,我们也不能在没有根据的情况下,把诸如无聊这样复杂的心理状态强加给它们。可以说,丰富环境本身就是一种全新的体验,它让单个成分的“新颖性”相形见绌,而且与之前的生活方式相比,经常接触新事物的动物也体现出了更大的差异性。然而,浅尝一下丰富的感觉可能还不如完全没有丰富的环境。由于无法参与积极的行为,有些被关在笼子里的动物表现出刻板行为:某种重复而毫无目的的动作,通常代表压力很大。对这些动物来说,丰富能够减少这些动作,但是当它们被安置在一个丰富的环境中时,比那些一直放在贫乏环境中的动物表现出更严重的刻板行为。Meagher, R.K.&Mason, G.J.‘Environmental enrichment reduces signs of boredom in caged mink’.PLoS One,7,e49180(2012).另请参阅 Latham, N.&Mason, G.‘Frustration and perseveration in stereotypic captive animals:is a taste of enrichment worse than none at all?’Behavioural Brain Research ,211,96-104(2010).
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1700687158 23  Mora, F.,Segovia, G.&del Arco, A.‘Aging, plasticity and environmental enrichment:structural changes and neurotransmitter dynamics in several areas of the brain’.Brain Research Review ,55,78-88(2007). Kozorovitskiy, Y.et al.‘Ex
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