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43 Wlodarczyk, McMillan&Greenfield,2006.
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44 Devonshire et al.,2010.
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45 同上。
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46 Bryan, A. et al.‘Functional electrical impedance tomography by evoked response:a new device for the study of human brain function during anaesthesia’.Proceedings of the Anaesthetic Research Society Meeting ,428-9(2010).
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47 同上。
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48 Blundon, J. A.&Zakharenko, S.S.‘Dissecting the components of long-term potentiation’.Neuroscientist ,14,598-608(2008).
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第三章 遛狗
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1 Loh, K. K.&Kanai, R.‘Higher media multi-tasking activity is associated with smaller gray-matter density in the anterior cingulate cortex’.PLoS One ,9,e106698(2014).
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2 Schaefer, S. et al.‘Cognitive performance is improved while walking:differences in cognitive-sensorimotor couplings between children and young adults’.European Journal of Developmental Psychology ,7,371-89(2010).
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3 Berman, M. G.,Jonides, J.&Kaplan, S.‘The cognitive benefts of interacting with nature’.Psychological Science ,19,1207-12(2008).
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4 同上。
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5 Atchley, R. A.,Strayer, D.L.&Atchley, P.‘Creativity in the wild:improving creative reasoning through immersion in natural settings’.PLoS One ,7,e51474(2012).
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6 Stourton, E.Diary of a Dog Walker:Time Spent Following a Lead .(Doubleday,2011).
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7 Wells, M. J.&Young, J.Z.‘The effect of splitting part of the brain or removal of the median inferior frontal lobe on touch learning in octopus’.Journal of Experimental Biology ,50,515-26(1969);另请参阅Wells, M.J.&Young, J.Z.‘The median inferior frontal lobe and touch learning in the octopus’.Journal of Experimental Biology ,56,381-402(1972).
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8 Sutherland, N. S.‘Shape discrimination in rat, octopus and goldfsh:a comparative study’.Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology ,67,160-76(1969).
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9 Fiorito, G.,Agnisola, C.,d’Addio, M.,Valanzano, A.&Calamdrei, G.‘Scopol-amine impairs memory recall in Octopus vulgaris’.Neuroscience Letters ,253,87-90(1998).
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10 Moriyama, T.&Gunji, Y.-P.‘Autonomous learning in maze solution by octopus’.Ethology ,103,499-513(1997).
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11 Fiorito, G.&Scotto, P.‘Observational learning in Octopus vulgaris’.Science ,256,545-7(1992).
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12 Giuditta, A. et al.‘Nuclear counts in the brain lobes of Octopus vulgaris as a function of body size’.Brain Research ,25,55-62(1971).
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13 Herculano-Houzel, S.‘The human brain in numbers:a linearly scaled-up primate brain’.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ,3,31(2009).
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14 Juorio, A. V.‘Catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine in nervous tissue of cephalopods’.Journal of Physiology ,216,213-26(1971).
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15 Diamond, M. C.,Krech, D.&Rosenzweig, M.R.‘The effects of an enriched environment on the histology of the rat cerebral cortex’.Journal of Comparative Neurology ,123,111-20(1964).
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16 环境丰富的好处包括神经元的胞体大小增加、大脑整体重量增加、皮层厚度增加、树“突棘”(细胞分支上允许高度特异性链接的一系列微小凸起)数量增加、突触连接尺寸增加因此连接也增加以及神经胶质细胞增加(确保作为主力的神经元拥有一个良好的微环境,承担类似管家的职责)。
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17 Valero, J. et al.,‘Short-term environmental enrichment rescues adult neurogene-sis and memory defcits in APPSw, Ind transgenic mice’.PLoS One ,6,2(2011).
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18 Speisman, R. B.et al.‘Environmental enrichment restores neurogenesis and rapid acquisition in aged rats’.Neurobiology of Aging ,34,263-74(2013).
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