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43 Wlodarczyk, McMillan&Greenfield，2006.
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44 Devonshire et al.，2010.
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45 同上。
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46 Bryan, A. et al.‘Functional electrical impedance tomography by evoked response：a new device for the study of human brain function during anaesthesia’.Proceedings of the Anaesthetic Research Society Meeting ，428-9（2010）.
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47 同上。
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48 Blundon, J. A.&Zakharenko, S.S.‘Dissecting the components of long-term potentiation’.Neuroscientist ，14，598-608（2008）.
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第三章 遛狗
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1 Loh, K. K.&Kanai, R.‘Higher media multi-tasking activity is associated with smaller gray-matter density in the anterior cingulate cortex’.PLoS One ，9，e106698（2014）.
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2 Schaefer, S. et al.‘Cognitive performance is improved while walking：differences in cognitive-sensorimotor couplings between children and young adults’.European Journal of Developmental Psychology ，7，371-89（2010）.
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3 Berman, M. G.，Jonides, J.&Kaplan, S.‘The cognitive benefts of interacting with nature’.Psychological Science ，19，1207-12（2008）.
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4 同上。
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5 Atchley, R. A.，Strayer, D.L.&Atchley, P.‘Creativity in the wild：improving creative reasoning through immersion in natural settings’.PLoS One ，7，e51474（2012）.
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6 Stourton, E.Diary of a Dog Walker：Time Spent Following a Lead .（Doubleday，2011）.
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1700687126
7 Wells, M. J.&Young, J.Z.‘The effect of splitting part of the brain or removal of the median inferior frontal lobe on touch learning in octopus’.Journal of Experimental Biology ，50，515-26（1969）；另请参阅Wells, M.J.&Young, J.Z.‘The median inferior frontal lobe and touch learning in the octopus’.Journal of Experimental Biology ，56，381-402（1972）.
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8 Sutherland, N. S.‘Shape discrimination in rat, octopus and goldfsh：a comparative study’.Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology ，67，160-76（1969）.
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9 Fiorito, G.，Agnisola, C.，d’Addio, M.，Valanzano, A.&Calamdrei, G.‘Scopol-amine impairs memory recall in Octopus vulgaris’.Neuroscience Letters ，253，87-90（1998）.
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10 Moriyama, T.&Gunji, Y.-P.‘Autonomous learning in maze solution by octopus’.Ethology ，103，499-513（1997）.
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11 Fiorito, G.&Scotto, P.‘Observational learning in Octopus vulgaris’.Science ，256，545-7（1992）.
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12 Giuditta, A. et al.‘Nuclear counts in the brain lobes of Octopus vulgaris as a function of body size’.Brain Research ，25，55-62（1971）.
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13 Herculano-Houzel, S.‘The human brain in numbers：a linearly scaled-up primate brain’.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ，3，31（2009）.
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14 Juorio, A. V.‘Catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine in nervous tissue of cephalopods’.Journal of Physiology ，216，213-26（1971）.
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15 Diamond, M. C.，Krech, D.&Rosenzweig, M.R.‘The effects of an enriched environment on the histology of the rat cerebral cortex’.Journal of Comparative Neurology ，123，111-20（1964）.
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16 环境丰富的好处包括神经元的胞体大小增加、大脑整体重量增加、皮层厚度增加、树“突棘”（细胞分支上允许高度特异性链接的一系列微小凸起）数量增加、突触连接尺寸增加因此连接也增加以及神经胶质细胞增加（确保作为主力的神经元拥有一个良好的微环境，承担类似管家的职责）。
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17 Valero, J. et al.，‘Short-term environmental enrichment rescues adult neurogene-sis and memory defcits in APPSw, Ind transgenic mice’.PLoS One ，6，2（2011）.
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18 Speisman, R. B.et al.‘Environmental enrichment restores neurogenesis and rapid acquisition in aged rats’.Neurobiology of Aging ，34，263-74（2013）.
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