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55 Huron,2001.在伊斯兰教传统中,一种普遍的观点是音乐可能会让人分心,干扰生活中重要的事情,更糟糕的情况是会导致放荡的行为。然而,自由欧洲电台的记者约翰·贝利(John Baily)指出,“其实说塔利班禁止音乐是不对的。他们禁止了乐器以及所有需要用乐器制作的音乐,而很可能只有一个例外,就是架子鼓——因为圣训说,先知穆罕默德赞成或允许在婚礼等庆祝仪式上用架子鼓演奏。”Baily, J.,British Journal of Ethnomusicology :‘It isn’t actually correct to say Taliban have banned music’.Radio Liberty ,22 June 2009.
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56 Merriam, A. P.The Anthropology of Music .(Northwestern University Press,1964).
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57 Cross, I.‘Music, cognition, culture and evolution’.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ,930,28-42(2001);另请参阅 Storr, A.Music and the Mind.(Random House,1992).
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58 Dunbar, R.Human Evolution. Music, Cognition, Culture and Evolution (Pelican,2014).
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59 McNeill, W. H.Keeping Together in Time .(Harvard University Press,1995).
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60 Cross,2001.
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61 Trevarthen, C.‘Musicality and the intrinsic motive pulse:evidence from human psychobiology and infant communication’.Musicae Scientiae ,155-215(2000).
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62 Cross,2001.
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63 杏仁核得名于拉丁语中的“像杏仁一样的形状”,位于颞叶深处,是边缘系统的一部分,与多个脑区相连。因此,它与一系列情绪与记忆功能相关。请参阅两篇近期的综述研究:LaLumiere, R.T.‘Optogenetic dissection of amygdala functioning’.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience ,8,107(2014)以及 Fernando, A.B.P.,Murray, J.E.&Milton, A.L.‘The amygdala:securing pleasure and avoiding pain’.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience ,7,190(2013).
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64 Gosselin, N. et al.‘Impaired recognition of scary music following unilateral temporal lobe excision’.Brain ,128,628-40(2005).另外,如需了解音乐相关的部分,请参阅Griffths, T.D.et al.‘“When the feeling’s gone”:a selective loss of musical emotion’.Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery&Psychiatry ,75,344-5(2004).
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65 Panksepp, J.‘The emotional sources of“chills”induced by music’.Music Perception ,13,171-207(1995)
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66 Salimpoor, V. N.et al.‘Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music’.Nature Neuroscience ,14,257-62(2011).
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67 Wise, R. A.‘Forebrain substrates of reward and motivation’.Journal of Comparative Neurology ,493,115-21(2005).
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68 Small, D. M.et al.‘Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate:from pleasure to aversion’.Brain ,124,1720-33(2001).
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69 Breiter, H. C.et al.‘Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emo-tion’.Neuron ,19,591-611(1997).
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70 Burton, A. C.,Nakamura, K.&Roesch, M.R.‘From ventral-medial to dorsal-lateral striatum:neural correlates of reward-guided decisionmaking’.Neurobiology of Learning and Memory ,117,51-9(2014).
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71 Zald, D. H.&Zatorre, Robert J.,C.19,‘Music’,pp.405-28 inNeurobiology of Sensation and Reward (ed.Gottfried, J.A.)(CRC Press,2011).
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72 Benoit, C.-É.et al.‘Musically cued gait-training improves both perceptual and motor timing in Parkinson’s disease’.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ,8,494(2014);另请参阅Nombela, C.et al.‘Into the groove:can rhythm influence Parkinson’s disease?’Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews ,37,2564-70(2013);以及Pacchetti, C.et al.‘Active music therapy in Parkinson’s disease:an integrative method for motor and emotional rehabilitation’.Psychosomatic Medicine ,62,386-93(2000).
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73 Azulay, J. P.et al.‘Visual control of locomotion in Parkinson’s disease.Brain ,122(Pt 1,111-20(1999).
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74 Lim, I. et al.‘Effects of external rhythmical cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease:a systematic review’.Clinical Rehabilitation ,19,695-713(2005).然而,尽管有证据表明,相比外部线索,疾病确实尤其会影响内部线索。在实验条件下成功的干预措施,通常在实验室外(即病人家里)没有带来改善。
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75 在任何情况下,一旦发现在音乐体验中多巴胺释放激增,萨利姆普尔(Salimpoor)及其团队便运用正电子发射断层扫描(PET)这一更快但非化学特定的扫描技术,来监测关键区域的多巴胺释放过程。他们发现了一种功能性的分离:一个脑区(尾状核)更多地参与了预期音乐力量的过程,而另一个脑区(伏隔核)则与音乐带来的情绪峰值体验更相关,这两个事件相隔约10至15秒。
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76 Meyer, L.Emotion and Meaning in Music .(University of Chicago Press,1956).
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77 Blood, A. J.&Zatorre, R.J.‘Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion’.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ,98,11818-23(2001).
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78 Sacks, O.Musicophilia:Tales of Music and the Brain .(Random House,2007).
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第五章 在办公室
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