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1 http://www. bls.gov/tus/charts/
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2 一项大规模调查研究针对的是特定的医院设计可能产生的治疗效果,其中包括了102项研究和38项元分析。然而,朴茨茅斯大学的第一作者艾米·德拉霍塔(Amy Drahota)博士总结说:“虽然很显然,病人康复期间所在的病区会影响他们的康复过程,但仍需要研究证据来帮助我们在医院设计中做决定。然而,我们的研究中有85项与在医院中使用音乐有关。我们对医院环境设计的各个方面都有兴趣,但许多领域都没有高质量的研究。例如,我们各发现了一项符合我们标准的照明和装修方面的研究,在运用艺术和寻找辅助工具方面没有找到任何质量足够高的研究。同时,我们甚至对找到的一些研究也有许多保留意见,因为研究质量还是不尽如人意。因此,虽然这篇综述研究中包含了大量信息,我们依旧呼吁更多高质量的研究,针对医院设计的不同部分,帮助我们在设计和翻新未来医院等方面做出更明智的决策。”http://www.news-medical.net/news/20120315/Hospital-environments-could-influence-patient-recovery.aspx.Drahota, A.et al.‘Sensory environment on health-related outcomes of hospital patients’.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ,3,CD005315(2012).另请参阅Kaler, S.R.&Free-man, B.J.‘Analysis of environmental deprivation:cognitive and social development in Romanian orphans’.Journal of Child Psychology and Psy-chiatry ,35,769-81(1994).Eluvathingal, T.J.et al.‘Abnormal brain connectivity in children after early severe socioemotional deprivation:a diffusion tensor imaging study’.Pediatrics ,117(6),2093-100(June 2006).Prut, L.&Belzung, C.‘The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors:a review’.European Journal of Pharmacology,463(1-3),3-33(28 Feb.2003);另请参阅 Eberhard, J.P.‘Applying neuroscience to architecture’.Neuron ,62,753-6(2009).文章中引用了关于人类对建筑的反应的现有定义和特定假设,认为人类对建筑的反应仅仅在于等待学生和研究人员去研究,Eberhard对此提出了一个有趣的观点。在这篇文章中,他声称有70至80个这样的假设,并在自己所著的《大脑风景》(Brain Landscapes ,Oxford University,2009)一书中详述了这些假设,例如,大脑天生就能够对基于黄金分割为比例而做出反应,同时大脑中有一个网络负责敬畏感。为了解决以往研究的不足,也为了提出如医院、学校、教堂及实验室等建筑的功能性要求,建筑神经科学学会(ANFA)于2003年创立,该学会的创立意味着虽然尚未完全实现,但神经科学应用于建筑有着巨大的潜力。
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3 Johnson, D. E.et al.‘Growth and associations between auxology, caregiving environment and cognition in socially deprived Romanian children randomized to foster vs ongoing institutional care’.Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine ,164,507-16(2010).
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4 Albers, L. H.et al.‘Health of children adopted from the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.Comparison with preadoptive medical records’.JAMA ,278,922-4(1997).
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5 Kaler&Freeman,1994.
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6 Eluvathingal,2006.
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7 Sheridan, M. A.et al.‘Variation in neural development as a result of exposure to institutionalization early in childhood’.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ,109,12927-32(2012);另请参阅Nelson, C.A.et al.‘Cognitive recovery in socially deprived young children:the Bucharest Early Intervention Project’.Science ,318,1937-40(2007).
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8 Frasca, D. et al.‘Traumatic brain injury and post-acute decline:what role does environmental enrichment play?A scoping review’.Frontiers of Human Neuro-science ,7,31(2013).
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9 Linhares, J. M.M.,Pinto, P.D.&Nascimento, S.M.C.‘The number of discernible colors in natural scenes’.Journal of the Optical Society of America A.Optics, Image Science and Vision ,25,2918-24(2008).
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10 Gegenfurtner, K. R.&Kiper, D.C.‘Color vision’.Annual Review of Neuroscience ,26,181-206(2003).
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11 Chalmers, D.‘Absent qualia, fading qualia, dancing qualia’inConscious Experience (ed. Metzinger, T.)(Imprint Academic,1995).
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12 Purves, D. et al.Neuroscience .(Sinauer Press,2012).
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13 这种现象称为“色彩实体视觉”(chromostereopsis)。例如,红色的色块看起来比蓝色的要近。可以说,如果一个红色物体更靠近,需要更多注意力,因此拥有产生直接生理效应的机会,即刺激和提高心率。与此相反,蓝色物体看起来不会像相邻的红色物体那样靠近我们,因此会相对缓和,从而有助于集中注意力。Cauquil, A.S.et al.‘Neural correlates of chromostereopsis:an evoked potential study’.Neuropsychologia ,47,2677-81(2009).Dreiskaemper, D.et al.‘Infuence of red jersey color on physical parameters in combat sports’.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ,35,44-9(2013).Farrelly, D.et al.‘Competitors who choose to be red have higher testosterone levels’.Psychological Science ,24,2122-4(2013).
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14 Vandewalle, G. et al.‘Spectral quality of light modulates emotional brain responses in humans’.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ,107,19549-54(2010).
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15 Sable, P.&Akcay, O.‘Response to colour:literature review with cross-cultural marketing perspective.International Bulletin of Business Administration ,11,34-41(2011).
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16 Labrecque, L. I.&Milne, G.R.‘Exciting red and competent blue:the importance of color in marketing’.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science ,40,711-27(2012);另请参阅Labrecque, L.I.&Milne, G.R.‘To be or not to be different:exploration of norms and benefts of color differentiation in the mar-ketplace’.Marketing Letters,24,165-76(2013).
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17 Bottomley, P. A.‘The interactive effects of colors and products on perceptions of brand logo appropriateness’.Marketing Teeory ,6,63-83(2006);另请参阅Hanss, D.,Böhm, G.&Pfster, H.R.‘Active red sports car and relaxed purple-blue van:affective qualities predict color appropriateness for car types’.Journal of Consumer Behaviour ,11,368-80(2012);以及Ngo, M.K.,Piquer-as-Fiszman, B.&Spence, C.‘On the colour and shape of still and sparkling water:insights from online and laboratory-based testing’.Food Quality and Preference ,24,260-8(2012).
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18 对于“红色效应”的延伸回顾和讨论见 Elliot, A.J.&Maier, M.A.‘Color psychology:effects of perceiving color on psychological functioning in humans’.Annual Review of Psychology ,65,95-120(2014).
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19 Mehta, R.&Zhu, R. J.‘Blue or red?Exploring the effect of color on cognitive task performances’.Science ,323,1226-9(2009);另请参阅Elliot&Maier,2014.
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20 Mehta&Zhu,2009.
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21 同上。
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22 Lichtenfeld, S. et al.‘Fertile green:green facilitates creative performance’.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin ,38,784-97(2012).
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23 Wallach, M. A.&Kogan, N.‘A new look at the creativity-intelligence distinction’.Journal of Personality ,33,348-69(1965).
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24 http://www. morganlovell.co.uk/articles/the-evolution-of-office-design
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25 Meyerson, J.,&Ross, P.,Tee Twenty-first Century Office (Laurence King,2003).
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