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70 Burton, A. C.,Nakamura, K.&Roesch, M.R.‘From ventral-medial to dorsal-lateral striatum:neural correlates of reward-guided decisionmaking’.Neurobiology of Learning and Memory ,117,51-9(2014).
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71 Zald, D. H.&Zatorre, Robert J.,C.19,‘Music’,pp.405-28 inNeurobiology of Sensation and Reward (ed.Gottfried, J.A.)(CRC Press,2011).
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72 Benoit, C.-É.et al.‘Musically cued gait-training improves both perceptual and motor timing in Parkinson’s disease’.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ,8,494(2014);另请参阅Nombela, C.et al.‘Into the groove:can rhythm influence Parkinson’s disease?’Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews ,37,2564-70(2013);以及Pacchetti, C.et al.‘Active music therapy in Parkinson’s disease:an integrative method for motor and emotional rehabilitation’.Psychosomatic Medicine ,62,386-93(2000).
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73 Azulay, J. P.et al.‘Visual control of locomotion in Parkinson’s disease.Brain ,122(Pt 1,111-20(1999).
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74 Lim, I. et al.‘Effects of external rhythmical cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease:a systematic review’.Clinical Rehabilitation ,19,695-713(2005).然而,尽管有证据表明,相比外部线索,疾病确实尤其会影响内部线索。在实验条件下成功的干预措施,通常在实验室外(即病人家里)没有带来改善。
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75 在任何情况下,一旦发现在音乐体验中多巴胺释放激增,萨利姆普尔(Salimpoor)及其团队便运用正电子发射断层扫描(PET)这一更快但非化学特定的扫描技术,来监测关键区域的多巴胺释放过程。他们发现了一种功能性的分离:一个脑区(尾状核)更多地参与了预期音乐力量的过程,而另一个脑区(伏隔核)则与音乐带来的情绪峰值体验更相关,这两个事件相隔约10至15秒。
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76 Meyer, L.Emotion and Meaning in Music .(University of Chicago Press,1956).
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77 Blood, A. J.&Zatorre, R.J.‘Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion’.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ,98,11818-23(2001).
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78 Sacks, O.Musicophilia:Tales of Music and the Brain .(Random House,2007).
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第五章 在办公室
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1 http://www. bls.gov/tus/charts/
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2 一项大规模调查研究针对的是特定的医院设计可能产生的治疗效果,其中包括了102项研究和38项元分析。然而,朴茨茅斯大学的第一作者艾米·德拉霍塔(Amy Drahota)博士总结说:“虽然很显然,病人康复期间所在的病区会影响他们的康复过程,但仍需要研究证据来帮助我们在医院设计中做决定。然而,我们的研究中有85项与在医院中使用音乐有关。我们对医院环境设计的各个方面都有兴趣,但许多领域都没有高质量的研究。例如,我们各发现了一项符合我们标准的照明和装修方面的研究,在运用艺术和寻找辅助工具方面没有找到任何质量足够高的研究。同时,我们甚至对找到的一些研究也有许多保留意见,因为研究质量还是不尽如人意。因此,虽然这篇综述研究中包含了大量信息,我们依旧呼吁更多高质量的研究,针对医院设计的不同部分,帮助我们在设计和翻新未来医院等方面做出更明智的决策。”http://www.news-medical.net/news/20120315/Hospital-environments-could-influence-patient-recovery.aspx.Drahota, A.et al.‘Sensory environment on health-related outcomes of hospital patients’.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ,3,CD005315(2012).另请参阅Kaler, S.R.&Free-man, B.J.‘Analysis of environmental deprivation:cognitive and social development in Romanian orphans’.Journal of Child Psychology and Psy-chiatry ,35,769-81(1994).Eluvathingal, T.J.et al.‘Abnormal brain connectivity in children after early severe socioemotional deprivation:a diffusion tensor imaging study’.Pediatrics ,117(6),2093-100(June 2006).Prut, L.&Belzung, C.‘The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors:a review’.European Journal of Pharmacology,463(1-3),3-33(28 Feb.2003);另请参阅 Eberhard, J.P.‘Applying neuroscience to architecture’.Neuron ,62,753-6(2009).文章中引用了关于人类对建筑的反应的现有定义和特定假设,认为人类对建筑的反应仅仅在于等待学生和研究人员去研究,Eberhard对此提出了一个有趣的观点。在这篇文章中,他声称有70至80个这样的假设,并在自己所著的《大脑风景》(Brain Landscapes ,Oxford University,2009)一书中详述了这些假设,例如,大脑天生就能够对基于黄金分割为比例而做出反应,同时大脑中有一个网络负责敬畏感。为了解决以往研究的不足,也为了提出如医院、学校、教堂及实验室等建筑的功能性要求,建筑神经科学学会(ANFA)于2003年创立,该学会的创立意味着虽然尚未完全实现,但神经科学应用于建筑有着巨大的潜力。
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3 Johnson, D. E.et al.‘Growth and associations between auxology, caregiving environment and cognition in socially deprived Romanian children randomized to foster vs ongoing institutional care’.Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine ,164,507-16(2010).
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4 Albers, L. H.et al.‘Health of children adopted from the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.Comparison with preadoptive medical records’.JAMA ,278,922-4(1997).
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5 Kaler&Freeman,1994.
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6 Eluvathingal,2006.
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7 Sheridan, M. A.et al.‘Variation in neural development as a result of exposure to institutionalization early in childhood’.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ,109,12927-32(2012);另请参阅Nelson, C.A.et al.‘Cognitive recovery in socially deprived young children:the Bucharest Early Intervention Project’.Science ,318,1937-40(2007).
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8 Frasca, D. et al.‘Traumatic brain injury and post-acute decline:what role does environmental enrichment play?A scoping review’.Frontiers of Human Neuro-science ,7,31(2013).
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9 Linhares, J. M.M.,Pinto, P.D.&Nascimento, S.M.C.‘The number of discernible colors in natural scenes’.Journal of the Optical Society of America A.Optics, Image Science and Vision ,25,2918-24(2008).
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10 Gegenfurtner, K. R.&Kiper, D.C.‘Color vision’.Annual Review of Neuroscience ,26,181-206(2003).
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11 Chalmers, D.‘Absent qualia, fading qualia, dancing qualia’inConscious Experience (ed. Metzinger, T.)(Imprint Academic,1995).
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12 Purves, D. et al.Neuroscience .(Sinauer Press,2012).
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13 这种现象称为“色彩实体视觉”(chromostereopsis)。例如,红色的色块看起来比蓝色的要近。可以说,如果一个红色物体更靠近,需要更多注意力,因此拥有产生直接生理效应的机会,即刺激和提高心率。与此相反,蓝色物体看起来不会像相邻的红色物体那样靠近我们,因此会相对缓和,从而有助于集中注意力。Cauquil, A.S.et al.‘Neural correlates of chromostereopsis:an evoked potential study’.Neuropsychologia ,47,2677-81(2009).Dreiskaemper, D.et al.‘Infuence of red jersey color on physical parameters in combat sports’.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ,35,44-9(2013).Farrelly, D.et al.‘Competitors who choose to be red have higher testosterone levels’.Psychological Science ,24,2122-4(2013).
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14 Vandewalle, G. et al.‘Spectral quality of light modulates emotional brain responses in humans’.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ,107,19549-54(2010).
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15 Sable, P.&Akcay, O.‘Response to colour:literature review with cross-cultural marketing perspective.International Bulletin of Business Administration ,11,34-41(2011).
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