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3 Nir, Y.&Tononi, G.‘Dreaming and the brain：from phenomenology to neuro-physiology’.Trends in Cognitive Science ，14，88-100（2010）.
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4 Morris, G. O.，Williams, H.L.&Lubin, A.‘Misperception and disorientation during sleep deprivation’.Archives of General Psychiatry ，2，247-54（1960）.
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5 Harrison, Y.&Horne, J. A.‘Sleep loss and temporal memory’.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology .A.，53，271-9（2000）.
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6 Zohar, D. et al.‘The effects of sleep loss on medical residents’emotional reactions to work events：a cognitive-energy model’.Sleep ，28，47-54（2005）.
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7 Yoo, S.-S. et al.‘The human emotional brain without sleep-a prefrontal amyg-dala disconnect’.Current Biology ，17，R877-8（2007）.
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8 van der Helm, E. et al.‘REM sleep depotentiates amygdala activity to previous emotional experiences’.Current Biology ，21，2029-32（2011）.
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9 Walker, M. P.‘Why we sleep?‘inBrain.org Gulbenkian Health Forum （2012）.
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10 Hobson, J. A.&Friston, K.J.‘Waking and dreaming consciousness：neuro-biological and functional considerations’.Progress in Neurobiology ，98，82-98（2012）.
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11 目前还不清楚从感官输入的概念是否包括味觉和嗅觉，后二者在梦中似乎并没有起到多少作用。
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12 Hobson&Friston，2012.
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13 Mignot, E.‘Why we sleep：the temporal organization of recovery’.PLoS Biology ，6，e106（2008）.
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14 Hobson&Friston，2012.
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15 Marchant, J.‘Why brainy animals need more REM sleep after all’.New Scientist （19 June 2008）.
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16 Siegel, J. M.‘The evolution of REM sleep’inHandbook of Behavioral State Control （eds.Lydic, R.&Baghdoyan, H.A.）（CRC Press，1999）.
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17 Hobson, J. A.‘REM sleep and dreaming：towards a theory of protoconsciousness’.National Review of Neuroscience ，10，803-13（2009）.
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18 Davis, K. F.，Parker, K.P.&Montgomery, G.L.‘Sleep in infants and young children：part one：normal sleep’.Journal of Pediatric Health Care ，18，65-71（2004）.
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19 http：//www. babble.com/baby/baby-sleep-tips/baby-sleep-tips-1/www.babble.com/baby/baby-sleep/
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20 Hobson&Friston，2012.
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21 虽然NREM（非快速眼动）睡眠在记忆的巩固中可能起到了非常重要的作用：O’Neill J.et al.‘Play it again：reactivation of waking experience and memory’.Trends in Neuroscience ，33（5），220-9（2010）.
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22 Kumar, S.&Sagili, H.‘Etiopathogenesis and neurobiology of narcolepsy：a review’.Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research ，8，190-5（2014）.
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23 Morrison, A. R.‘A window on the sleeping brain’inThe Workings of the Brain：Development, Memory and Perception （ed.Llinas, R.R.），133-148（W.H.Free-man，1990）.
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24 Nir&Tononi，2010.
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25 Llinás, R.R.&Paré，D.‘Of dreaming and wakefulness’.Neuroscience ，44，521-35（1991）.
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26 理奈斯和帕尔的实验设计中依旧存在许多谜团，例如如何解释跨物种间和胎儿所表现出意识水平的巨大差异等。然而，从简单的丘脑皮层动力学上看，不同物种间普遍存在的这些广泛差异并没有那么显而易见，一些旨在改变意识状态的精神药物对个人意识水平带来的影响也是微不足道的。顺带一提，最近的热门理论：在由托诺尼和科赫一起提出的丘脑皮层回路理论中，二人认为丘脑皮层网络中存在一种“双稳态”（bistability），暗示意识是一种非全即无的状态，并且因此是由某种神经元开关加以控制的——这种理论也存在着相似的问题。Tononi, G.&Koch, C.‘The neural correlates of consciousness：an update’.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ，1124，239-61（2008）.
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27 Plum, F. in‘Coma and related disturbances of the human conscious state’.Cerebral Cortex Vol.9：Normal and Altered States and Function （eds.Peters, A.&Jones, E.G.）359-426（Plenum Press，1991）；另请参阅 Young, G.B.，Ropper, A.H.&Bolton, C.E.Coma and Impaired Consciousness：A Clinical Perspective .（McGraw Hill，1998）.
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