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54 Draguhn, A. et al.‘Electrical coupling underlies high-frequency oscillations in the hippocampusin vitro ‘.Nature ,394,189-92(1998).
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55 纯粹就“高速的”神经活动而言,200Hz震荡与神经元集合中的信号强度有多大的可比性呢?这一速度的频率意味着动作电位通常每5毫秒产生一次,因此,在一个神经元集合时间窗口中大约有60次动作电位:我们目前的计算能够解释这种活动水平,该活动可以通过电磁机制在荧光信号中,以周期性超极化的形式显现出来,因为自体波(self-substance wave)震荡的快慢没有限制。Huang H.et al.‘Remote control of ion channels and neurones through magnetic-feld heating of nanoparticles’,Nature Nanotechnology ,5,602(2011).Anastassiou C.A.et al.‘The effect of spatially inhomo-geneous extracellular electric fields on neurones’.Journal of Neuroscience ,30,1925(2010).
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56 Masson, G. S.&Ilg, U.W.Dynamics of Visual Motion Processing:Neuronal, Behavioral and Computational Approaches .(Springer,2010).
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57 例如,视网膜中缝隙连接的表达与神经递质多巴胺的可用性成反比,此外人们认为电信号连接和化学突触通常作为一个相互协调的整体共同发挥作用。He, S.,Weiler, R.&Vaney, D.I.‘Endogenous dopaminergic regulation of horizontal cell coupling in the mammalian retina’.Journal of Comparative Neurology ,418,33-40(2000).Pereda, A.E.‘Electrical synapses and their functional interactions with chemical synapses’.Nature Reviews Neuroscience ,15,250-63(2014).
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58 Chakraborty, Sandberg&Greenfield,2007.
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59 Bachmann, T.Microgenetic Approach to the Conscious Mind .(John Benja-mins,2000).
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60 Vogel, E. K.,Luck, S.J.&Shapiro, K.L.‘Electrophysiological evidence for a postperceptual locus of suppression during the attentional blink’.Journal of Experimental Psychology.Human Perception and Performance ,24,1656-74(1998);另请参阅 Sergent, Baillet&Dehaene,2005.
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61 Collins, T. F.T.et al.‘Dynamics of neuronal assemblies are modulated by anaesthetics but not analgesics’.European Journal of Anaesthesiology ,24,609-14(2007).
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62 Chakraborty, Sandberg&Greenfield,2007.
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63 Kendig, J. J.,Grossman, Y.&MacIver, M.B.‘Pressure reversal of anaesthesia:a synaptic mechanism’.British Journal of Anaesthesia ,60,806-16(1988).
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64 Wlodarczyk, A.,McMillan, P. F.&Greenfield, S.A.‘High pressure effects in anaesthesia and narcosis’.Chemical Society Reviews ,35,890-8(2006).
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65 Wu, J.-Y.,Xiaoying Huang&Chuan Zhang.‘Propagating waves of activity in the neocortex:what they are, what they do’. Neuroscientist,14,487-502(2008);另请参阅Muller, L.&Destexhe, A.‘Propagating waves in thalamus, cortex and the thalamocortical system:experiments and models’.Journal of Physiology-Paris ,106,222-38(2012).
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66 Ferreira, P. G.The State of the Universe .(Phoenix,2007).
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大脑的一天 图片版权
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Fig.3(Plate 3)from Chemical Society Reviews, 35, 897(2006), reprinted with the permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry;
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Fig.4(Plate 4)modified from European Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 793(2010), with the permission of John Wiley and Sons;
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Fig.8 from Experimental Brain Research, 182, 495(2007), reprinted with the permission of Springer;
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Fig.9 modified from Progress in Brain Research,150,12(2005), with the permission of Elsevier; Table on P.299 modified from Nature Reviews of Neuroscience, 5, 713, Box 2(2004), with the permission of Nature Publishing Group.
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大脑的一天 [1] 卢比孔河(Rubicon)是一条位于意大利北部的河流,在罗马共和国时期曾为恺撒和庞培各自统治地区的分界线。“Crossing the Rubicon”是西方的一句经典谚语,意为“破釜沉舟”。卢比孔河可以理解为一旦跨越就会发生巨大变化的分界线。(本书脚注如无特殊说明,均为译者注。)
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[2] 詹妮弗·安妮斯顿及后文中的茱莉亚·罗伯茨、布拉德·皮特、哈利·贝瑞等均为美国演员。
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