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给自身带来的变化：Yu-Shu Huang and Christian Guilleminault,“Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Critical Role of Oral-Facial Growth: Evidences,”Frontiers in Neurology 3，no. 184（2012），https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2012.00184/full; Anderson Capistrano et al.,“Facial Morphology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea,”Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 20，no. 6（Nov.–Dec. 2015）: 60–67。
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我们的体貌特征：几项较优秀的研究，Cristina Grippaudo et al.,“Association between Oral Habits，Mouth Breathing and Malocclusion,”Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica 36，no. 5（Oct. 2016）: 386–94; Yosh Jefferson,“Mouth Breathing: Adverse Effects on Facial Growth，Health，Academics，and Behavior,”General Dentistry 58，no. 1（Jan.–Feb. 2010）: 18–25; Doron Harari et al.,“The Effect of Mouth Breathing versus Nasal Breathing on Dentofacial and Craniofacial Development in Orthodontic Patients,”Laryngoscope 120，no. 10（Oct. 2010）: 2089–93; Valdenice Aparecida de Menezes,“Prevalence and Factors Related to Mouth Breathing in School Children at the Santo Amaro Project—Recife，2005,”Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 72，no. 3（May–June 2006）: 394–98。
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帕特里克·麦吉沃恩：Patrick McKeown and Martha Macaluso,“Mouth Breathing: Physical，Mental and Emotional Consequences,”Central Jersey Dental Sleep Medicine，Mar. 9，2017，https://sleep-apnea-dentist-nj.info/mouth-breathing-physical-mental-and-emotional-consequences/。
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季节性过敏来袭时：W. T. McNicholas,“The Nose and OSA: Variable Nasal Obstruction May Be More Important in Pathophysiology Than Fixed Obstruction,”European Respiratory Journal 32（2008）: 5，https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/32/1/3; C. R. Canova et al.,“Increased Prevalence of Perennial Allergic Rhinitis in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea,”Respiration 71（Mar.–Apr. 2004）: 138–43; Carlos Torre and Christian Guilleminault,“Establishment of Nasal Breathing Should Be the Ultimate Goal to Secure Adequate Craniofacial and Airway Development in Children,”Jornal de Pediatria 94，no. 2（Mar.–Apr. 2018）: 101–3。
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睡眠呼吸暂停：睡眠呼吸暂停和打鼾是常见的“难兄难弟”。呼噜声音越大，呼吸道受损就严重，人就越容易出现睡眠呼吸暂停。Farhan Shah et al.,“Desmin and Dystrophin Abnormalities in Upper Airway Muscles of Snorers and Patients with Sleep Apnea,”Respiratory Research 20，no. 1（Dec. 2019）: 31。
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闭口则得安眠：Levinus Lemnius，The Secret Miracles of Nature: In Four Books（London，1658），132–33，https://archive.org/details/b30326084/page/n7; Melissa Grafe,“Secret Miracles of Nature,”Yale University，Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library，Dec. 12，2013，https://library.medicine.yale.edu/content/secret-miracles-nature。
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流失40%的水分：Sophie Svensson et al.,“Increased Net Water Loss by Oral Compared to Nasal Expiration in Healthy Subjects,”Rhinology 44，no. 1（Mar. 2006）: 74–77。
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在睡眠进入最深层的阶段：Mark Burhenne，The 8-Hour Sleep Paradox: How We Are Sleeping Our Way to Fatigue，Disease and Unhappiness（Sunnyvale，CA: Ask the Dentist，2015），45。
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血管加压素：Andrew Bennett Hellman,“Why the Body Isn’t Thirsty at Night,”Nature News，Feb. 28，2010，https://www.nature.com/news/2010/100228/full/news.2010.95.html。
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梅奥……报告：2001年，匹兹堡大学的研究人员调查数百人后，发现一半人在患有失眠的同时，还患有睡眠呼吸暂停。接着，他们又对患有睡眠呼吸暂停的人进行调查，发现其中有一半患有失眠。多年后，一项发表在《梅奥医学中心学报》上的研究指出，通过对1200名慢性失眠症患者的调查发现，有900名患者都被医生开了某种助睡药物，包括抗抑郁药，但都遭遇了“药物治疗失败”。服用处方药的700多名患者报告说，他们的失眠非常严重，那些药物不但对他们无效，反而还让睡眠质量变得更差，而原因就是很多人的失眠并不是心理问题，而是呼吸问题。Barry Krakow et al.,“Pharmacotherapeutic Failure in a Large Cohort of Patients with Insomnia Presenting to a Sleep Medicine Center and Laboratory: Subjective Pretest Predictions and Objective Diagnoses,”Mayo Clinic Proceedings 89，no. 12（Dec. 2014）: 1608–20; “Pharmacotherapy Failure in Chronic Insomnia Patients,”Mayo Clinic Proceedings，YouTube，https://youtube.com/watch?v=vdm1kTFJCK4。
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成千上万……的同胞们：Thomas M. Heffron,“Insomnia Awareness Day Facts and Stats,”Sleep Education，Mar. 10，2014，http://sleepeducation.org/news/2014/03/10/insomnia-awareness-day-facts-and-stats。
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呼吸沉重、轻微打鼾：纪耶米诺指出，过分关注某些问题会混淆打鼾和睡眠呼吸暂停这个更大的麻烦。睡眠中产生的任何呼吸障碍，无论是呼吸暂停、打鼾、呼吸急促，甚至是最轻微的喉咙收缩，都可能对身体造成严重伤害。Christian Guilleminault and Ji Hyun Lee,“Does Benign‘Primary Snoring’Ever Exist in Children?”Chest Journal 126，no. 5（Nov. 2004）: 1396–98; Guilleminault et al.,“Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome,”Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 159，no. 8（Aug. 2005）: 775–85。
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使我变得迟钝：Noriko Tsubamoto-Sano et al.,“Influences of Mouth Breathing on Memory and Learning Ability in Growing Rats,”Journal of Oral Science 61，no. 1（2019）: 119–24; Masahiro Sano et al.,“Increased Oxygen Load in the Prefrontal Cortex from Mouth Breathing: A Vector-Based Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study,”Neuroreport 24，no. 17（Dec. 2013）: 935–40; Malia Wollan,“How to Be a Nose Breather,”The New York Times Magazine，Apr. 23，2019。
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嘴巴呼吸为“逆气”：The Primordial Breath: An Ancient Chinese Way of Prolonging Life through Breath Control，vol. 2，trans. Jane Huang and Michael Wurmbrand（Original Books，1990），31。
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这就是现状：有关咬合错位的统计数据各有差异。儿科牙医凯文·博伊德、医生兼睡眠专家达利斯·洛格马尼指出，“75%的6～11岁儿童、89%的12～17岁青少年，都有一定程度的咬合错位”。此外，约65%的成年人，包括那些已经做过牙齿矫正术的人，有一定程度的咬合错位。鉴于此，那没有接受治疗的成年人的实际人数应当要接近90%了。我找到的一些其他估算中，儿童的这个比例更高。一些介绍咬合错位的讲座（附参考资料）和深度访谈：Kevin L. Boyd and Darius Loghmanee,“Inattention，Hyperactivity，Snoring and Restless Sleep: My Child’s Dentist Can Help?!”presentation at 3rd Annual Autism，Behavior，and Complex Medical Needs Conference; Kevin Boyd interview by Shirley Gutkowski，Cross Link Radio，2017，https://crosslinkradio.com/dr-kevin-boyd-2/; “Malocclusion,”Boston Children’s Hospital，http://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/m/malocclusion。
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45%的成年人：“Snoring,”Columbia University Department of Neurology，http://www.columbianeurology.org/neurology/staywell/document.php?id=42066。
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25%的人：“Rising Prevalence of Sleep Apnea in U.S. Threatens Public Health,”press release，American Academy of Sleep Medicine，Sept. 29，2014。
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有80%：Steven Y. Park，MD，Sleep，Interrupted: A Physician Reveals the #1 Reason Why So Many of Us Are Sick and Tired（New York: Jodev Press，2008），26。
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一万年前：各年代对世界人口的估计：https://tinyurl.com/rrhvcjh。
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松弛拉长的面庞：多项研究都表明这类恢复在人身上是有可能的。20世纪90年代，加拿大研究人员对38名患有慢性咽扁桃体肥大的儿童进行了面部和口腔尺寸的测量。咽扁桃体位于口腔顶部，功能主要是抵抗感染。咽扁桃体肥大时，孩子们几乎无法鼻呼吸，所以只能口呼吸，结果他们都有松弛拉长的脸庞。外科医生对一半儿童的咽扁桃体进行了切除，然后监测其面部尺寸。慢慢地，他们的脸恢复到了原来的位置：下颚前移，上颌骨外扩。Donald C. Woodside et al.,“Mandibular and Maxillary Growth after Changed Mode of Breathing,”American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 100，no. 1（July 1991）: 1–18; Shapiro,“Effects of Nasal Obstruction on Facial Development,”967–68。
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第3章 鼻子
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嗅觉是……感觉官能：Interview with Dolores Malaspina，MD，professor of clinical psychiatry at Columbia University in New York; Nancie George,“10 Incredible Facts about Your Sense of Smell,”EveryDay Health，https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/incredible-facts-about-your-sense-smell/。
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增强记忆：Artin Arshamian et al.,“Respiration Modulates Olfactory Memory Consolidation in Humans,”Journal of Neuroscience 38，no. 48（Nov. 2018）: 10286–94; Christina Zelano et al.,“Nasal Respiration Entrains Human Limbic Oscillations and Modulates Cognitive Function,”Journal of Neuroscience 36，no. 49（Dec. 2016）: 12448–67。
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是否有哮喘：A. B. Ozturk et al.,“Does Nasal Hair（Vibrissae） Density Affect the Risk of Developing Asthma in Patients with Seasonal Rhinitis?”International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 156，no. 1（Mar. 2011）: 75–80.
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印度外科医师：Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani,“A Study of the Pattern of Nasal Dominance with Reference to Different Phases of the Lunar Cycle,”Yoga Life 35（June 2004）: 19–24。
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