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鼻周期或鼻循环：有时被称为“次昼夜节奏”，意思是比昼夜节奏短的周期。
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1895年……首先提出：有关鼻周期的详细报告，参见Alfonso Luca Pendolino et al.,“The Nasal Cycle: A Comprehensive Review,”Rhinology Online 1（June 2018）: 67–76; R. Kayser,“Die exacte Messung der Luftdurchgängigkeit der Nase,”Archives of Laryngology 3（1895）: 101–20。
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30分钟至4小时内：这只是估计。有些研究表明，鼻周期在30分钟到2.5小时之间波动; 另一些则认为，该周期可持续至4小时。Roni Kahana-Zweig et al.,“Measuring and Characterizing the Human Nasal Cycle,”PloS One 11，no. 10（Oct. 2016）: e0162918; Rauf Tahamiler et al.,“Detection of the Nasal Cycle in Daily Activity by Remote Evaluation of Nasal Sound,”Archives of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 129，no. 9（Feb. 2009）: 137–42。
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蜜月鼻炎：“Sneezing‘Can Be Sign of Arousal,’”BBC News，Dec. 19，2008，http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7792102.stm; Andrea Mazzatenta et al.,“Swelling of Erectile Nasal Tissue Induced by Human Sexual Pheromone,”Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 885（2016）: 25–30。
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鼻周期是怎么回事：Kahana-Zweig et al.,“Measuring”; Marc Oliver Scheithauer,“Surgery of the Turbinates and‘Empty Nose’Syndrome,”GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 9（2010）: Doc3。
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睡眠时翻身：此外，鼻周期似乎与深度睡眠的长短有关。A. T. Atanasov and P. D. Dimov,“Nasal and Sleep Cycle—Possible Synchronization during Night Sleep,”Medical Hypotheses 61，no. 2（Aug. 2003）: 275–77; Akihira Kimura et al.,“Phase of Nasal Cycle During Sleep Tends to Be Associated with Sleep Stage,”The Laryngoscope 123，no. 6（Aug. 2013）: 1050–55。
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海绵体血管组织会产生炎症：Pendolino et al.,“The Nasal Cycle”。
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循环的频率也会升高：在某些文化中，滞后的鼻循环被认为是疾病征兆。一个鼻孔堵塞8个小时以上，就意味着重病即将到来。如果单侧呼吸超过一天，死期也就不远了。但为什么? Ronald Eccles,“A Role for the Nasal Cycle in Respiratory Defense,”European Respiratory Journal 9，no. 2（Feb. 1996）: 371–76; Eccles et al.,“Changes in the Amplitude of the Nasal Cycle Associated with Symptoms of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection,”Acta Otolaryngologica 116，no. 1（Jan. 1996）: 77–81。
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将更多血液输送到左脑：Kahana-Zweig et al.; Shirley Telles et al.,“Alternate-Nostril Yoga Breathing Reduced Blood Pressure While Increasing Performance in a Vigilance Test ,”Medical Science Monitor Basic Research 23（Dec. 2017）: 392–98; Karamjit Singh et al.,“Effect of Uninostril Yoga Breathing on Brain Hemodynamics: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study,”International Journal of Yoga 9，no. 1（June 2016）: 12–19; Gopal Krushna Pal et al.,“Slow Yogic Breathing Through Right and Left Nostril Influences Sympathovagal Balance，Heart Rate Variability，and Cardiovascular Risks in Young Adults,”North American Journal of Medical Sciences 6，no. 3（Mar. 2014）: 145–51。
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降低体温、血压：P. Raghuraj and Shirley Telles,“Immediate Effect of Specific Nostril Manipulating Yoga Breathing Practices on Autonomic and Respiratory Variables,”Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 33，no. 2（June 2008）: 65–75. S. Kalaivani，M. J. Kumari，and G. K. Pal,“Effect of Alternate Nostril Breathing Exercise on Blood Pressure，Heart Rate，and Rate Pressure Product among Patients with Hypertension in JIPMER，Puducherry,”Journal of Education and Health Promotion 8，no. 145（July 2019）。
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负面情绪：神经解剖学家吉尔·博尔特·泰勒（Jill Bolte Taylor）在2008年的TED演讲《中风顿悟》（My Stroke of Insight）中，对左右脑功能进行了动人又惊人的普及。截至我写书时，该演讲已经有2600多万次浏览。参见：https://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight?language=en。
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加州大学圣迭戈分校的研究者：David Shannahoff-Khalsa and Shahrokh Golshan,“Nasal Cycle Dominance and Hallucinations in an Adult Schizophrenic Female,”Psychiatry Research 226，no. 1（Mar. 2015）: 289–94。
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鼻孔轮替的方式：一些在研究实验室进行的相关研究，已发表在《国际神经科学杂志》（International Journal of Neuroscience）、《神经回路前沿》（Frontiers in Neural Circuits）、《喉耳学杂志》（Journal of Laryngology and Otology）等杂志上。这些研究证明，左右鼻孔与特定的生物、精神官能存在明确联系。多项研究可参见：https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=alternate+nostril+breathing。
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帮助身体保暖，促进食物消化：瑜伽修行者吃完饭会左侧躺，用右鼻孔呼吸。因为他们相信，通过右鼻孔呼吸，以增加血流量和热量，有助于消化。几年前，费城杰斐逊医学院的研究人员对这一说法进行了验证，在不同日子里让20名健康受试者食用高脂肪食物，然后向右或左侧卧。那些被要求左侧卧（主要通过右鼻孔呼吸）的人胃灼热情况明显少于右侧卧的人，喉咙的酸度也低很多。他们又重复了一遍研究，得到的结果依然相同。右鼻孔呼吸让身体产生了额外的热量，只是有可能会影响消化的速度和效率，但可以肯定的是，这里面重力起到了很大作用。因为身体朝左侧卧时，胃和胰腺会处在更自然的位置，进而使得食物更易通过大肠。简而言之，就是让人觉得更舒服，消化效率更高。L. C. Katz et al.,“Body Position Affects Recumbent Postprandial Reflux,”Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 18，no. 4（June 1994）: 280–83; Anahad O’Connor,“The Claim: Lying on Your Left Side Eases Heartburn,”The New York Times，Oct. 25，2010，https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/health/26really.html; R. M. Khoury et al.,“Influence of Spontaneous Sleep Positions on Nighttime Recumbent Reflux in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease,”American Journal of Gastroenterology 94，no. 8（Aug. 1999）: 2069–73。
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成年人鼻子内部：成年男性的鼻腔和四个副鼻窦的平均体积约为105.37立方厘米; 女性要少16.39立方厘米。Inge Elly Kiemle Trindade,“Volumes Nasais de Adultos Aferidos por Rinometria Acústica,”Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia 73，no. 1（Jan./Feb. 2007）。
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所有海滩沙子：全世界所有海滩上的沙子加起来有2.5～10的10次方粒。与此同时，你刚刚吸入的空气中约含25的10次方个分子。Fraser Cain,“Are There More Grains of Sand Than Stars?,”Universe Today，Nov. 25，2013，https://www.universetoday.com/106725/are-there-more-grains-of-sand-than-stars/。
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阻挡侵袭：还有铜、镉。A. Z. Aris，F. A. Ismail，H. Y. Ng，and S. M. Praveena,“An Experimental and Modelling Study of Selected Heavy Metals Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Scylla serrata as Biosorbent,”Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 22，no. 2（Jan. 2014）: 553–66。
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第一道防线：“Mucus: The First Line of Defense,”ScienceDaily，Nov. 6，2015，https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151106062716. htm; Sara G. Miller,“Where Does All My Snot Come From?,”Live Science，May 13，2016，https://www.livescience.com/54745-why-do-i-have-so-much-snot.html; B. M. Yergin et al.,“A Roentgenographic Method for Measuring Nasal Mucous Velocity,”Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory，Environmental and Exercise Physiology 44，no. 6（June 1978）: 964–68。
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极其微小的纤毛：Maria Carolina Romanelli et al.,“Nasal Ciliary Motility: A New Tool in Estimating the Time of Death,”International Journal of Legal Medicine 126，no. 3（May 2012）: 427–33; Fuad M. Baroody,“How Nasal Function Influences the Eyes，Ears，Sinuses，and Lungs,”Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 8，no. 1（Mar. 2011）: 53–61; Irina Ozerskaya et al.,“Ciliary Motility of Nasal Epithelium in Children with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis,”European Respiratory Journal 50，suppl. 61（2017）。
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每秒16次：温度越高，纤毛速度越快。J. Yager et al.,“Measurement of Frequency of Ciliary Beats of Human Respiratory Epithelium,”Chest 73，no. 5（May 1978）: 627–33; James Gray,“The Mechanism of Ciliary Movement. VI. Photographic and Stroboscopic Analysis of Ciliary Movement,”Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 107，no. 751（Dec. 1930）: 313–32。
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鼻孔近端的纤毛：哭的时候，眼泪会流到鼻子里，泪水和鼻涕混在一起，使后者变得稀薄如水。这时，黏液无法再被纤毛抓住，只能随着重力往下，这就是流鼻涕。稠鼻涕更糟。乳制品摄入过多、过敏症、淀粉类食物等，都会增加鼻涕的黏稠度，进而导致纤毛放慢速度、不堪重负，最终停止摆动。这就是鼻子充血的原因。鼻塞时间越长，鼻子里积聚的微生物就越多，有时甚至会引发鼻窦炎或普通感冒。Olga V. Plotnikova et al.,“Primary Cilia and the Cell Cycle,”Methods in Cell Biology 94（2009）: 137–60; Achim G. Beule,“Physiology and Pathophysiology of Respiratory Mucosa of the Nose and the Paranasal Sinuses,”GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 9（2010）: Doc07。
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鼻甲的不同区域：Scheithauer,“Surgery of the Turbinates,”18; Swami Rama，Rudolph Ballentine，and Alan Hymes，Science of Breath: A Practical Guide（Honesdale，PA: Himalayan Institute Press，1979，1998），45。
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公元前1500年左右：Bryan Gandevia,“The Breath of Life: An Essay on the Earliest History of Respiration: Part I,”Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 16，no. 1（Mar. 1970）: 5–11，https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004951414610850; Gandevia,“The Breath of Life: An Essay on the Earliest History of Respiration: Part II,”Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 16，no. 2（June 1970）: 57–69，https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004951414610898?via%3Dihub。
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替人画像：后面关于乔治·卡特林的细节、引言、描述摘自以下书籍：George Catlin，North American Indians，ed. Peter Matthiessen（New York: Penguin，2004）; Catlin，The Breath of Life，4th ed.，retitled Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life（London: N. Truebner，1870）。1870年版的Shut Your Mouth可免费下载，参见：https://buteykoclinic.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Shut-your-mouth-Catlin.pdf。
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我穿行于美国大地：Catlin，Letters and Notes on the Manners，Customs，and Condition of the North American Indians（New York: Wiley and Putnam，1841），vol. 1，206。
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