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25%的人:“Rising Prevalence of Sleep Apnea in U.S. Threatens Public Health,”press release,American Academy of Sleep Medicine,Sept. 29,2014。
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有80%:Steven Y. Park,MD,Sleep,Interrupted: A Physician Reveals the #1 Reason Why So Many of Us Are Sick and Tired(New York: Jodev Press,2008),26。
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一万年前:各年代对世界人口的估计:https://tinyurl.com/rrhvcjh。
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松弛拉长的面庞:多项研究都表明这类恢复在人身上是有可能的。20世纪90年代,加拿大研究人员对38名患有慢性咽扁桃体肥大的儿童进行了面部和口腔尺寸的测量。咽扁桃体位于口腔顶部,功能主要是抵抗感染。咽扁桃体肥大时,孩子们几乎无法鼻呼吸,所以只能口呼吸,结果他们都有松弛拉长的脸庞。外科医生对一半儿童的咽扁桃体进行了切除,然后监测其面部尺寸。慢慢地,他们的脸恢复到了原来的位置:下颚前移,上颌骨外扩。Donald C. Woodside et al.,“Mandibular and Maxillary Growth after Changed Mode of Breathing,”American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 100,no. 1(July 1991): 1–18; Shapiro,“Effects of Nasal Obstruction on Facial Development,”967–68。
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第3章 鼻子
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嗅觉是……感觉官能:Interview with Dolores Malaspina,MD,professor of clinical psychiatry at Columbia University in New York; Nancie George,“10 Incredible Facts about Your Sense of Smell,”EveryDay Health,https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/incredible-facts-about-your-sense-smell/。
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增强记忆:Artin Arshamian et al.,“Respiration Modulates Olfactory Memory Consolidation in Humans,”Journal of Neuroscience 38,no. 48(Nov. 2018): 10286–94; Christina Zelano et al.,“Nasal Respiration Entrains Human Limbic Oscillations and Modulates Cognitive Function,”Journal of Neuroscience 36,no. 49(Dec. 2016): 12448–67。
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是否有哮喘:A. B. Ozturk et al.,“Does Nasal Hair(Vibrissae) Density Affect the Risk of Developing Asthma in Patients with Seasonal Rhinitis?”International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 156,no. 1(Mar. 2011): 75–80.
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印度外科医师:Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani,“A Study of the Pattern of Nasal Dominance with Reference to Different Phases of the Lunar Cycle,”Yoga Life 35(June 2004): 19–24。
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鼻周期或鼻循环:有时被称为“次昼夜节奏”,意思是比昼夜节奏短的周期。
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1895年……首先提出:有关鼻周期的详细报告,参见Alfonso Luca Pendolino et al.,“The Nasal Cycle: A Comprehensive Review,”Rhinology Online 1(June 2018): 67–76; R. Kayser,“Die exacte Messung der Luftdurchgängigkeit der Nase,”Archives of Laryngology 3(1895): 101–20。
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30分钟至4小时内:这只是估计。有些研究表明,鼻周期在30分钟到2.5小时之间波动; 另一些则认为,该周期可持续至4小时。Roni Kahana-Zweig et al.,“Measuring and Characterizing the Human Nasal Cycle,”PloS One 11,no. 10(Oct. 2016): e0162918; Rauf Tahamiler et al.,“Detection of the Nasal Cycle in Daily Activity by Remote Evaluation of Nasal Sound,”Archives of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 129,no. 9(Feb. 2009): 137–42。
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蜜月鼻炎:“Sneezing‘Can Be Sign of Arousal,’”BBC News,Dec. 19,2008,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7792102.stm; Andrea Mazzatenta et al.,“Swelling of Erectile Nasal Tissue Induced by Human Sexual Pheromone,”Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 885(2016): 25–30。
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鼻周期是怎么回事:Kahana-Zweig et al.,“Measuring”; Marc Oliver Scheithauer,“Surgery of the Turbinates and‘Empty Nose’Syndrome,”GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 9(2010): Doc3。
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睡眠时翻身:此外,鼻周期似乎与深度睡眠的长短有关。A. T. Atanasov and P. D. Dimov,“Nasal and Sleep Cycle—Possible Synchronization during Night Sleep,”Medical Hypotheses 61,no. 2(Aug. 2003): 275–77; Akihira Kimura et al.,“Phase of Nasal Cycle During Sleep Tends to Be Associated with Sleep Stage,”The Laryngoscope 123,no. 6(Aug. 2013): 1050–55。
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海绵体血管组织会产生炎症:Pendolino et al.,“The Nasal Cycle”。
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循环的频率也会升高:在某些文化中,滞后的鼻循环被认为是疾病征兆。一个鼻孔堵塞8个小时以上,就意味着重病即将到来。如果单侧呼吸超过一天,死期也就不远了。但为什么? Ronald Eccles,“A Role for the Nasal Cycle in Respiratory Defense,”European Respiratory Journal 9,no. 2(Feb. 1996): 371–76; Eccles et al.,“Changes in the Amplitude of the Nasal Cycle Associated with Symptoms of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection,”Acta Otolaryngologica 116,no. 1(Jan. 1996): 77–81。
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将更多血液输送到左脑:Kahana-Zweig et al.; Shirley Telles et al.,“Alternate-Nostril Yoga Breathing Reduced Blood Pressure While Increasing Performance in a Vigilance Test ,”Medical Science Monitor Basic Research 23(Dec. 2017): 392–98; Karamjit Singh et al.,“Effect of Uninostril Yoga Breathing on Brain Hemodynamics: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study,”International Journal of Yoga 9,no. 1(June 2016): 12–19; Gopal Krushna Pal et al.,“Slow Yogic Breathing Through Right and Left Nostril Influences Sympathovagal Balance,Heart Rate Variability,and Cardiovascular Risks in Young Adults,”North American Journal of Medical Sciences 6,no. 3(Mar. 2014): 145–51。
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降低体温、血压:P. Raghuraj and Shirley Telles,“Immediate Effect of Specific Nostril Manipulating Yoga Breathing Practices on Autonomic and Respiratory Variables,”Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 33,no. 2(June 2008): 65–75. S. Kalaivani,M. J. Kumari,and G. K. Pal,“Effect of Alternate Nostril Breathing Exercise on Blood Pressure,Heart Rate,and Rate Pressure Product among Patients with Hypertension in JIPMER,Puducherry,”Journal of Education and Health Promotion 8,no. 145(July 2019)。
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负面情绪:神经解剖学家吉尔·博尔特·泰勒(Jill Bolte Taylor)在2008年的TED演讲《中风顿悟》(My Stroke of Insight)中,对左右脑功能进行了动人又惊人的普及。截至我写书时,该演讲已经有2600多万次浏览。参见:https://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight?language=en。
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加州大学圣迭戈分校的研究者:David Shannahoff-Khalsa and Shahrokh Golshan,“Nasal Cycle Dominance and Hallucinations in an Adult Schizophrenic Female,”Psychiatry Research 226,no. 1(Mar. 2015): 289–94。
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鼻孔轮替的方式:一些在研究实验室进行的相关研究,已发表在《国际神经科学杂志》(International Journal of Neuroscience)、《神经回路前沿》(Frontiers in Neural Circuits)、《喉耳学杂志》(Journal of Laryngology and Otology)等杂志上。这些研究证明,左右鼻孔与特定的生物、精神官能存在明确联系。多项研究可参见:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=alternate+nostril+breathing。
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帮助身体保暖,促进食物消化:瑜伽修行者吃完饭会左侧躺,用右鼻孔呼吸。因为他们相信,通过右鼻孔呼吸,以增加血流量和热量,有助于消化。几年前,费城杰斐逊医学院的研究人员对这一说法进行了验证,在不同日子里让20名健康受试者食用高脂肪食物,然后向右或左侧卧。那些被要求左侧卧(主要通过右鼻孔呼吸)的人胃灼热情况明显少于右侧卧的人,喉咙的酸度也低很多。他们又重复了一遍研究,得到的结果依然相同。右鼻孔呼吸让身体产生了额外的热量,只是有可能会影响消化的速度和效率,但可以肯定的是,这里面重力起到了很大作用。因为身体朝左侧卧时,胃和胰腺会处在更自然的位置,进而使得食物更易通过大肠。简而言之,就是让人觉得更舒服,消化效率更高。L. C. Katz et al.,“Body Position Affects Recumbent Postprandial Reflux,”Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 18,no. 4(June 1994): 280–83; Anahad O’Connor,“The Claim: Lying on Your Left Side Eases Heartburn,”The New York Times,Oct. 25,2010,https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/health/26really.html; R. M. Khoury et al.,“Influence of Spontaneous Sleep Positions on Nighttime Recumbent Reflux in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease,”American Journal of Gastroenterology 94,no. 8(Aug. 1999): 2069–73。
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成年人鼻子内部:成年男性的鼻腔和四个副鼻窦的平均体积约为105.37立方厘米; 女性要少16.39立方厘米。Inge Elly Kiemle Trindade,“Volumes Nasais de Adultos Aferidos por Rinometria Acústica,”Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia 73,no. 1(Jan./Feb. 2007)。
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所有海滩沙子:全世界所有海滩上的沙子加起来有2.5~10的10次方粒。与此同时,你刚刚吸入的空气中约含25的10次方个分子。Fraser Cain,“Are There More Grains of Sand Than Stars?,”Universe Today,Nov. 25,2013,https://www.universetoday.com/106725/are-there-more-grains-of-sand-than-stars/。
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