打字猴:1.70069722e+09
1700697220
1700697221 美国有将近2500万哮喘患者:Stephen C. Redd,“Asthma in the United States: Burden and Current Theories,”Environmental Health Perspectives 110,suppl. 4(Aug. 2002): 557–60; “Asthma Facts and Figures,”Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America,https://www.aafa.org/asthma-facts; “Childhood Asthma,”Mayo Clinic,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351507。
1700697222
1700697223 翻了4倍:Paul Hannaway,What to-Do When the Doctor Says It’s Asthma(Gloucester,MA: Fair Winds,2004)。
1700697224
1700697225 污染物、粉尘、病毒感染、冷空气:“Childhood Asthma,”Mayo Clinic,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthm a/symptoms-causes/syc-20351507。
1700697226
1700697227 换气过度同样也会诱发哮喘:Duncan Keeley and Liesl Osman,“Dysfunctional Breathing and Asthma,”British Medical Journal 322(May 2001): 1075; “Exercise-Induced Asthma,”Mayo Clinic,https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-induced-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372300。
1700697228
1700697229 运动性哮喘:R. Khajotia,“Ex-ercise-Induced Asthma: Fresh Insights and an Overview,”Malaysian Family Physician 3,no. 2(Apr. 2008): 21–24。
1700697230
1700697231 全球每年的哮喘治疗市场:“Distribution of Global Respiratory Therapy Market by Condition in 2017–2018(in Billion U.S. Dollars),”Statista,https://www.statista.com/statistics/312329/worldwide-res piratory-therapy-market-by-condition/。
1700697232
1700697233 哮喘症状加剧:当一群医生、教授和统计学家想知道药物和程序对患者的实际影响时,他们没有在美国互联网医疗健康信息服务平台(WebMD)上查看评论。他们注意到,许多研究中的数据是由私人制药公司资助的,结果要么是伪造的,要么产生了严重的误导。因此,这些研究人员收集了几十种不同治疗方法的研究,并重新分析了数据,以提供对一种药物或疗法的影响的准确测量。为了让人们真切了解药物和治疗方法的有效性,研究人员的成果估计了需要治疗才能对一个人产生影响的患者的数量。他们把他们的组织称为NNT,这是一个简单的统计概念:需要治疗的人数。自2010年开始,NNT(https://www.thennt.com)已经调查了从心脏病学、内分泌学到皮肤病学等领域的超过275种药物和疗法。他们对这些药物和疗法进行评级,用颜色来作区分:绿色(该疗法或药物有明显的益处)、黄色(不清楚是否有任何益处)、红色(没有益处),以及黑色(该疗法对患者的危害大于帮助)。他们回顾了48项试验,包括数万名受试者的标准哮喘治疗:长效β2-受体激动剂(LABA)与皮质类固醇,一种吸入式组合药物,商品名为Advair和Symbicort,旨在保持气道平滑肌持续放松。在所参与的48项试验中,有44项是由长效β2-受体激动剂的制药商赞助的,这是两种药物组合中的一种。这种药物不仅被批准生产,而且每年可能有数百万哮喘患者使用。NNT对数据进行了分析,发现联合使用LABA和类固醇吸入剂不仅完全无效而且有害。在使用该药物的73名哮喘患者中,只有1人减少了轻度至中度哮喘发作的概率。同时,该药物使每140人中就有一人引发严重的哮喘。NNT称,每1400名哮喘患者中就有1人因该药“似乎造成了与哮喘有关的死亡”。LABA对儿童同样无效。More context on this subject: Vassilis Vassilious and Christos S. Zipitis,“Long-Acting Bronchodilators: Time for a Rethink,”Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 99,no. 8(Aug. 2006): 382–83。
1700697234
1700697235 大卫·韦伯:Jane E. Brody,“A Breathing Technique Offers Help for People with Asthma,”The New York Times,Nov. 2,2009,https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/03/health/03brod.html; “Almost As If I No Longer Have Asthma After Natural Solution,”Breathing Center,Apr. 2009,https://www.breathingcenter.com/now-living-almost-as-if-i-no-longer-have-asthma。
1700697236
1700697237 哮喘和健康状况:Sasha Yakovleva,K. Buteyko,et al.,Breathe to Heal: Break Free from Asthma(Breathing Normalization)(Breathing Center,2016),246; “Buteyko Breathing for Improved Athletic Performance,”Buteyko Toronto,http://www.buteykotoronto.com/buteyko-and-fitness。
1700697238
1700697239 桑雅·理查兹·罗斯:“Buteyko and Fitness,”Buteyko Toronto,http://www.buteykotoronto.com/buteyko-and-fitness。
1700697240
1700697241 呼吸状况都改善了:Thomas Ritz et al.,“Controlling Asthma by Training of Capnometry-Assisted Hypoventilation(CATCH) Versus Slow Breathing: A Randomized Controlled Trial,”Chest 146,no. 5(Aug. 2014): 1237–47。
1700697242
1700697243 “会发生很诡异的现象”:“Asthma Patients Reduce Symptoms,Improve Lung Function with Shallow Breaths,More Carbon Dioxide,”ScienceDaily,Nov. 4,2014,https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141104111631. htm。
1700697244
1700697245 其他几项研究中:“Effectiveness of a Buteyko-Based Breathing Technique for Asthma Patients,”ARCIM Institute—Academic Research in Complementary and Integrative Medicine,2017,https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03098849。
1700697246
1700697247 过度换气造成的真正损伤来自:It’s worth noting that overbreathing can also cause calcium levels to drop in your blood,which can result in numbness and tingling,muscle spasms,cramps,and twitching。
1700697248
1700697249 几个星期、几个月、几年后:如果身体被迫不断地通过排泄碳酸氢盐来进行补偿,这种化学物质的含量就会减少,pH值将从7.4(维持人体功能的最佳状态)开始上下波动。John G. Laffey and Brian P. Kavanagh,“Hypocapnia,”New England Journal of Medicine 347(July 2002): 46; G. M. Woerlee,“The Magic of Hyperventilation,”Anesthesia Problems&Answers,http://www.anesthesiaweb.org/hyperventilation.php。
1700697250
1700697251 变得愈加困难:Jacob Green and Charles R. Kleeman,“Role of Bone in Regulation of Systemic Acid-Base Balance,”Kidney International 39,no. 1(Jan. 1991): 9–26。
1700697252
1700697253 防止症状恶化:“Magnesium Supplements May Benefit People with Asthma,”NIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health,Feb. 1,2010,https://nccih.nih.gov/research/results/spotlight/021110.htm [inactive]。
1700697254
1700697255 “瑜伽修行者的生命不是以天数计算的”:Andrew Holecek,Preparing to Die: Practical Advice and Spiritual Wisdom from the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition(Boston: Snow Lion,2013). Animal metrics were taken from these studies: “Animal Heartbeats,”Every Second,https://everysecond.io/animal-heartbeats; “The Heart Project,”Public Science Lab,http://robdunnlab.com/projects/beats-per-life/; Yogi Cameron Alborzian,“Breathe Less,Live Longer,”The Huffington Post,Jan. 14,2010,https://www.huffpost.com/entry/breathe-less-live-longer_b_422923; Mike McRae,“Do We Really Only Get a Certain Number of Heartbeats in a Lifetime? Here’s What Science Says,”ScienceAlert,Apr. 14,2018,https://www.sciencealert.com/relationship-between-heart-beat-and-life-expectancy。
1700697256
1700697257 第7章 嚼
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1700697259 12000年前:“研究显示,12000年前,最早的农民出现了错颌畸形和牙齿拥挤的情况。”都柏林大学学院新闻。http://www.ucd.ie/news/2015/02FEB15/050215-Malocclusion-and-dental-crowding-arose-12000-years-ago-with-earliest-farmers-study-shows.html; Ron Pinhasi et al.,“Incongruity between Affinity Patterns Based on Mandibular and Lower Dental Dimensions following the Transition to Agriculture in the Near East,Anatolia and Europe,”PLoS One 10,no. 2(Feb. 2015): e0117301。
1700697260
1700697261 出现最初的牙齿参差和口腔变形的问题:Jared Diamond,“The Worst Mista-ke in the Histor y of the Human Race,”Discover,May 1987,http://discovermagazine.com/1987/may/02-the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race; Jared Diamond,The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal(New York: HarperCollins,1992)。
1700697262
1700697263 那里便是亡者所在:Natasha Geiling,“Beneath Paris’s City Streets,There’s an Empire of Death Waiting for Tourists,”Smithsonian.com,Mar. 28,2014,https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/paris-catacombs-180950160; “Catacombes de Paris,”Atlas Obscura,https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/catacombes-de-paris。
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1700697265 地球上最大的墓地:最大的墓地是伊拉克的Wadi-us-Salaam,那里有数千万具尸体。
1700697266
1700697267 英国人的平均身高:Gregori Galofré-Vilà,et al.,“Heights across the Last 2000 Years in England,”University of Oxford,Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History,no. 151,Jan. 2017,32,https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/working_papers/2830/151-final.pdf. C.W.,“Did Living Standards Improve during the Industrial Revolution?,”The Economist,https://www.economist.com/free-exchange/2013/09/13/did-living-standards-improve-during-the-industrial-revolution。
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1700697269 全口牙拔除:据英国国家卫生服务部门的一名公务员称,直到20世纪90年代中期,在英格兰东北部地区,女性在16岁或18岁生日之前会被给予优惠券,让她们拔掉所有牙齿,这种情况相当普遍。Letters,London Review of Books 39,no. 14(July 2017),https://www.lrb.co.uk/v39/n14/letters。
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