打字猴:1.700697464e+09
1700697464
1700697465 艾尔曼医生……对11000名患者……:James Eyerman,“A Clinical Report of Holotropic Breathwork in 11,000 Psychiatric Inpatients in a Community Hospital Setting,”MAPS Bulletin,Spring 2013,http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v23n1/v23n1_24-27.pdf。
1700697466
1700697467 “医院里……也都想不通……”:艾尔曼接着说:“仔细想想,西方工业文明是整个人类历史上唯一一个没有高度重视非普世意识形态的文明,(他们)不欣赏也不想理解它们。”他告诉我正相反,我们对他们进行病理学治疗,用镇静剂麻醉他们。这是一个“创可贴”的工作,只能暂时修复,但它没有解决本质问题,以后只会导致更多的心理问题。
1700697468
1700697469 小型研究:Sarah W. Holmes et al.,“Holotropic Breathwork:An Experiential Approach to Psychotherapy,”Psychotherapy:Theory,Research,Practice,Training 33,no. 1(Spring 1996):114–20; Tanja Miller and Laila Nielsen,“Measure of Significance of Holotropic Breathwork in the Development of Self-Awareness,”Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 21,no. 12(Dec. 2015):796–803; Stanislav Grof et al.,“Special Issue:Holotropic Breathwork and Other Hyperventilation Procedures,”Journal of Transpersonal Research 6,no. 1(2014); Joseph P. Rhinewine and Oliver Joseph Williams,“Holotropic Breathwork:The Potential Role of a Prolonged,Voluntary Hyperventilation Procedure as an Adjunct to Psychotherapy,”Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13,no. 7(Oct. 2007):771–76。
1700697470
1700697471 大脑缺氧:具体来说,这些呼气耗尽了我们血液中的二氧化碳,从而切断了大脑正常运转所需的血液流动。Stanislav Grof and Christina Grof,Holotropic Breathwork:A New Approach to Self-Exploration and Therapy,SUNY Series in Transpersonal and Humanistic Psychology(Albany,NY:Excelsior,2010),161,163; Stanislav Grof,Psychology of the Future:Lessons from Modern Consciousness Research(Albany,NY:SUNY Press,2000); Stanislav Grof,“Holotropic Breathwork:New Approach to Psychotherapy and Self-Exploration,” http://www.stanislavgrof.com/resources/Holotropic-Breathwork;-New-Perspectives-in-Psychotherapy-and-Self-Exploration.pdf [inactive]。
1700697472
1700697473 静息状态下……有750毫升:“Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism,”Neurosurg.cam.ac.uk,http://www.neurosurg.cam.ac.uk/files/2017/09/2-Cerebral-blood-flow.pdf。
1700697474
1700697475 血流量略有增加:Jordan S. Querido and A. William Sheel,“Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow during Exercise,” Sports Medicine 37,no. 9(2007):765–82。
1700697476
1700697477 减少达40%:平均来说,血液中二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)每减少1mmHg,脑血流量就会减少约2%。在旧金山加利福尼亚大学实验室的一次重呼吸运动记录中,我的PaCO2浓度为22毫米汞柱,比正常值低约20毫米。在这段时间里,我的大脑接收到的血流量比正常少了40%。“Hyperventilation,”Open Anesthesia,https://www.openanesthesia.org/elevated_icp_hyperventilation。
1700697478
1700697479 影响最大的:在这个网页上有一个有趣的摘要,包括一些科学研究:http://www.anesthesiaweb.org/hyperventilation.php。
1700697480
1700697481 在全身释放求救信号:“Rhythm of Breathing Affects Memory and Fear,”Neuroscience News,Dec. 7,2016,https://neurosciencenews.com/memory-fear-breathing-5699/。
1700697482
1700697483 第9章 屏息
1700697484
1700697485 几年后:克林研究的细节以及后面关于S. M.的记录引自贾斯汀·S.费恩斯坦等人,“A Tale of Survival from the World of Patient S. M.,”in Living without an Amygdala,ed. David G. Amaral and Ralph Adolphs(New York:Guilford Press,2016),1–38. Other details were pulled from Kling’s articles,including Arthur Kling et al.,“Amygdalectomy in the Free-Ranging Vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops),”Journal of Psychiatric Research 7,no. 3(Feb. 1970):191–99。
1700697486
1700697487 危险的信号:“The Amygdala,the Body’s Alarm Circuit,”Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory DNA Learning Center,https://dnalc.cshl.edu/view/822-The-Amygdala-the-Body-s-Alarm-Circuit.html。
1700697488
1700697489 脑干底部:我们的呼吸系统有两种化学感受器:神经末梢和神经中枢。颈动脉和主动脉中的神经末梢化学感受器主要负责检测离开心脏时血液中氧含量的变化。位于脑干的中枢化学感受器通过脑脊液的pH值检测动脉血中二氧化碳含量的微小变化。“Chemoreceptors,”TeachMe Physiology,https://teachmephysiology.com/respiratory-system/regulation/chemoreceptors。
1700697490
1700697491 跟随环境变化做出调整:脑干部位中枢化学感受器受伤的人,失去了测量血液中二氧化碳含量并对其作出反应的能力。由于没有自动触发装置来提醒他们二氧化碳正在积聚,他们的每一次呼吸都需要有意识地协调一致。如果没有呼吸器,他们会在睡眠中窒息,因为他们的身体不知道什么时候该呼吸。这种疾病被称为翁丁氏病,它的名字来源于欧洲民间传说中的一个水精灵。翁丁告诉丈夫汉斯,她是他“肺里的呼吸”,并警告他,如果他背叛了她,他将失去无意识呼吸的能力。汉斯欺骗了她,并遭受了翁丁的诅咒。”一不留神,我就忘了呼吸。”汉斯临死前说。Iman Feiz-Erfan et al.,“Ondine’s Curse,”Barrow Quarterly 15,no. 2(1999),https://www.barrowneuro.org/education/grand-rounds-publications-and-media/barrow-quarterly/volume-15-no-2-1999/ondines-curse/.
1700697492
1700697493 海拔负240米到海拔4800米:一万两千年前,远古秘鲁人居住在海拔3658米的高山上。目前秘鲁居住人数最多的城市是拉林科纳达,海拔5100米。Tia Ghose,“Oldest High-Altitude Human Settlement Discovered in Andes,”Live Science,Oct. 23,2014,https://www.livescience.com/48419-high-altitude-setllement-peru.html。
1700697494
1700697495 有些顶尖登山运动员:根据一些报道,像自由潜水员这样的运动员往往和那些长时间屏息的人对二氧化碳的耐受力差不多。这一假设是,这些顶级运动员的肺要大得多,他们的新陈代谢也可能减慢到这样一个水平,即他们消耗更少的氧气和产生更少的二氧化碳,使他们能够屏住呼吸更长时间而不感到焦虑。但这并不能解释为什么患有慢性焦虑症和其他恐惧症的人几乎都是具有非常有限的屏气能力,而不管他们的肺有多大,或者他们在测试前吸入或呼出了多少。其他有趣的(如果不限于)资料可以在深蓝自由潜水论坛上找到:https://forums.deeperblue.com/threads/freediving-leading-to-sleep-apnea.82096/. Colette Harris,“What It Takes to Climb Everest with No Oxygen,”Outside,June 8,2017,https://www.outsideonline.com/2191596/how-train-climb-everest-no-oxygen。
1700697496
1700697497 美国有18%的人口:Jamie Ducharme,“A Lot of Americans Are More Anxious Than They Were Last Year,a New Poll Says,”Time,May 8,2018,https://time.com/5269371/americans-anxiety-poll/。
1700697498
1700697499 这样建议道:The Primordial Breath:An Ancient Chinese Way of Prolonging Life through Breath Control,vol. 1,trans. Jane Huang and Michael Wurmbrand(Original Books,1987),13。
1700697500
1700697501 伤害极大:见斯科特·西蒙内蒂博士对氧化应激和一氧化氮合酶引起的损伤的详细解释www.mrjamesnestor.com/breath。
1700697502
1700697503 持续部分关注:Megan Rose Dickey,“Freaky:Your Breathing Patterns Change When You Read Email,”Business Insider,Dec. 5,2012,https://www.businessinsider.com/email-apnea-how-email-change-breathing-2012-12?IR=T; “Email Apnea,”Schott’s Vocab,The New York Times,Sept. 23,2009,https://schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/23/email-apnea/; Linda Stone,“Just Breathe:Building the Case for Email Apnea,”The Huffington Post,https://www.huffpost.com/entry/just-breathe-building-the_b_85651; Susan M. Pollak,“Breathing Meditations for the Workplace,”Psychology Today,Nov. 6,2014,https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-art-now/201411/email-apnea。
1700697504
1700697505 超出我们的自主掌控能力:美国国立卫生研究院网站PubMed的美国国立医学图书馆提供了数十项研究。这里有一些对我很有帮助:Andrzej Ostrowski et al.,“The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers,”Journal of Human Kinetics 32,no. 1(May 2012):197–210; Apar Avinash Saoji et al.,“Additional Practice of Yoga Breathing With Intermittent Breath Holding Enhances Psychological Functions in Yoga Practitioners:A Randomized Controlled Trial,”Explore:The Journal of Science and Healing 14,no. 5(Sept. 2018):379–84; Saoji et al.,“Immediate Effects of Yoga Breathing with Intermittent Breath Holding on Response Inhibition among Healthy Volunteers,”International Journal of Yoga 11,no. 2(May–Aug. 2018):99–104。
1700697506
1700697507 战争创伤:Serena Gianfaldoni et al.,“History of the Baths and Thermal Medicine,”Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 5,no. 4(July 2017):566–68。
1700697508
1700697509 “几乎都能治愈”:George Henry Brandt,Royat(les Bains) in Auvergne,Its Mineral Waters and Climate(London:H. K. Lewis,1880),12,18; Peter M. Prendergast and Melvin A. Shiffman,eds.,Aesthetic Medicine:Art and Techniques(Berlin and Heidelberg:Springer,2011); William and Robert Chambers,Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal,n.s. 1,no. 46(Nov. 16,1844):316; Isaac Burney Yeo,The Therapeutics of Mineral Springs and Climates(London:Cassell,1904),760。
1700697510
1700697511 “鲁瓦亚镇”……英国医生:布兰特回到英国,对罗亚特赞不绝口后,皇家外科学院的另一位医生和研究员前往罗亚特,证实了布兰特的发现,并报告了这些发现“完全符合我自己的经验和观察”。George Henry Brandt,Royat(les Bains) in Auvergne:Its Mineral Waters and Climate(London:H. K. Lewis,1880),12,18。
1700697512
1700697513 研究消失在了人们的视野:加州麻醉师和医学研究人员刘易斯·S.科尔曼博士说,对二氧化碳的强烈反对可能与事实无关,而与私人利益有关。二氧化碳是一种廉价的石油加工副产品,而其他的临床治疗是昂贵的,需要系统的专业知识。Lewis S. Coleman,“Four Forgotten Giants of Anesthesia History,”Journal of Anesthesia and Surgery 3,no. 1(2016):68–84。
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.700697464e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]