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[6] 见Fikret Yegül,Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity(Cambridge,MA
:Architectural History Foundation/MIT Press,1992)。
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[7] 对希腊—罗马世界的公共卫生感兴趣的人可能会发现以下资料是有帮助的：Owsei Temkin,Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1991)；Geoffrey E.R.Lloyd,ed.,Hippocratic Writings(New York
:Penguin,1978)；Wesley D.Smith,The Hippocratic Tradition(Ithaca,NY
:Cornell University Press,1979)；Owsei Temkin,Galenism
:Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy(Ithaca,NY
:Cornell University Press,1973)；Heinrich von Staden,Herophilus
:The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria(New York
:Cambridge University Press,1989)；“The Dietetics of Antiquity,”and other essays by Ludwig Edelstein inAncient Medicine
:Selected Papers of Ludwig Edelstein,ed.Owsei Temkin and C.Lilian Temkin(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins Press,1967)；Robert Parker,Miasma
:Pollution and Purification in Early Greek Religion(Oxford
:Clarendon Press,1983)；Guido Majno,The Healing Hand
:Man and Wound in the Ancient World(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1975)；John Scarborough,“Roman Medicine and Public Health,”inPublic Health,ed.Teizo Ogawa(Tokyo
:Taniguchi Foundation,1981),33—74；the chapter on hygiene in Ralph Jackson,Doctors and Diseases in the Roman Empire(Norman
:University of Oklahoma Press,1988)；Vivian Nutton,“The Seeds of Disease
:An Explanation of Contagion and Infection from the Greeks to the Renaissance,”Medical History27(1983,supp.1)
:1—34；Owsei Temkin,“The Scientific Approach to Disease
:Specific Entity and Individual Sickness”(and other essays)inThe Double Face of Janus(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1977),442—448；Mirko D.Grmek,Diseases in the Ancient Greek World(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1989)；Vivian Nutton,“Continuity or Rediscovery?The City Physician in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy,”inThe Town and State Physician in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment,ed.Andrew Russell(Wolffenbutel
:Herzog August Bibliothek,1981),9—46。
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[8] 在国内公共卫生、环境卫生政策和国际卫生的诸多领域，我们还会继续就针对特定疾病预防的分类方案与面向更广泛的社会、经济和环境的改革方案，这两者间的相对重要性和有效性进行辩论。例如，见N.Krieger,Epidemiology and the People’s Health
:Theory and Context(New York
:Oxford University Press,2011)。
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[9] 关于中世纪卫生和流行病的一般讨论，见相关章节，C.H.Talbot,Medicine in Medieval England(London
:Oldbourne,1967),144—169.Useful discussions may also be found in more general histories of the medieval period
:see,for example,David Herlihy,Cities and Societies in Medieval Italy(London
:Variorum Reprints,1980)；David Herlihy,ed.,The Medieval City(New Haven,CT
:Yale University Press,1977)；and Josiah C.Russell,Medieval Regions and Their Cities(Bloomington
:Indiana University Press,1972)。流行病，虽然不是中世纪公共卫生的唯一问题，却是这个时代戏剧化的标志。尤其是黑死病，即14世纪灾难性的鼠疫流行病，使人们对那段历史展开了丰富的想象。现存的两部作品为Philip Ziegler的The Black Death(New York
:Harper & Row,1969)和Barbara Tuchman的A Distant Mirror
:The Calamitous Fourteenth Century(New York
:Knopf,1978)，两书都很生动。与其他广受欢迎的著作一样，它们并不被该领域的专家们认为完全可靠。菲耶·玛丽·盖兹（Faye Marie Getz）就曾对以黑死病为主题的大量且不断增加的学术文献写过一篇诙谐幽默的评论，“Black Death and the Silver Lining
:Meaning,Continuity,and Revolutionary Change in Histories of the Medieval Plague,”Journal of the History of Biology24(1991)
:265—289；参见Nancy Siraisi’s introduction toThe Black Death
:The Impact of the Fourteenth Century Plague,ed.Daniel Williman(Binghamton,NY
:Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies,1982),9—22。若想要对这个主题进行严肃探究，Anna M.Campbell,The Black Death and Men of Learning(New York
:AMS Press,1966)是一部虽较早但备受赞誉的作品。麻风病，作为中世纪早期的特征，似乎并未得到太多的关注；无论如何，见Saul N.Brody,The Disease of the Soul
:Leprosy in Medieval Literature(Ithaca,CT
:Cornell University Press,1974)，以及Peter Richards,The Medieval Leper and His Northern Heirs(Totowa,NJ
:Rowman & Littlefield,1977)。对麻风病的更多现代观点感兴趣的人可以参考Zachary Gussow,Leprosy,Racism,and Public Health
:Social Policy in Chronic Disease Control(Boulder,CO
:Westview,1989)。
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[10] 关于文艺复兴时期的公共卫生，近年来有大量的研究内容出版。见Katherine Park,Doctors and Medicine in Early Renaissance Florence(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1985)；Ann G.Carmichael,Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence(Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press,1986)；and Carlo M.Cipolla,Public Health and the Medical Profession in the Renaissance(Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press,1976)。Nancy Siraisi,Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine
:An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice(Chicago
:University of Chicago Press,1990)，她对医学思想和实践这两大背景提供了非常具有参考价值的介绍，尽管她的研究重点不是公共卫生。关于近现代欧洲，还可参见Charles Webster,ed.,Health,Medicine,and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century(Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press,1979)收录的文章。卡洛·希波拉的几本关于鼠疫的书像小说一样生动，例如，见Christofano and the Plague
:A Study in the History of Public Health in the Age of Galileo(Berkeley
:University of California Press,1973)；Faith,Reason,and the Plague in Seventeenth-Century Tuscany(Ithaca,NY
:Cornell University Press,1979)；以及Fighting the Plague in Seventeenth-Century Italy(Madison
:University of Wisconsin Press,1981)。除意大利外，其他国家也发生了鼠疫，见J.F.Shrewsbury,A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles(Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press,1970)；Paul Slack,The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England(London
:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1985)；J.T.Alexander,Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia
:A Public Health and Urban Disaster(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1980)；以及M.W.Dols,The Black Death in the Middle East(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1977)。
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[11] 16世纪，法兰卡斯特罗认为，流行病是由微小的感染性病原体所引起，这些病原体具有传播性、自我繁殖性和疾病特异性。这些疾病“种子”可以通过人与人之间的直接接触、中间媒介，或远距离通过空气进行传播。17世纪，安东尼·范·列文虎克在雨水、土壤和人类排泄物中发现了微生物或所谓的“小动物”后，一些观察者认为它们可能就是传染病的起因。然而，各种混乱和矛盾的报告致使人们对早期的疾病“细菌”论感到抵触，直到19世纪，这一理论才以不同的方式得以复兴。尤见Nancy Tomes,The Gospel of Germs
:Men,Women,and the Microbe in American Life(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1999)。
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[12] Hans Zinsser’s Rats,Lice and History(1935; reprint,New York
:Bantam Books,1965)。这本书是对斑疹伤寒历史的介绍，阅读时可能需要几分谨慎，但也会收获许多乐趣。
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[13] 关于坏血病，尤可见Kenneth J.Carpenter,The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C(New York
:Cambridge University Press,1986)。
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[14] 这一时期对职业健康的介绍做得最好的仍然是乔治·罗森，The History of Miners’ Diseases
:A Medical and Social Interpretation(New York
:Schuman’s,1943)。
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[15] 关于疾病的传播，是有争议的，尤其是梅毒的起源和传播。有几本追溯到较早时代的有关梅毒、天花和疟疾的历史著作，写得有趣且高质量：Claude Quetel,History of Syphilis(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1990)； Donald R.Hopkins,Princes and Peasants
:Smallpox in History(Chicago
:University of Chicago Press,1983)；Gordon Harrison,Mosquitoes,Malaria,and Man
:A History of Hostilities since 1880(New York
:Dutton,1978)。对疾病传播地理模式重要性的讨论，见William H.McNeill,Plagues and Peoples(New York
:Anchor,1976)；Alfred W.Crosby,Ecological Imperialism
:The Biological Expansion of Europe,900—1900(Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press,1986)；Alfred W.Crosby,The Columbian Exchange
:Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492(Westport,CT
:Greenwood Press,1972)；以及当代病毒学家的观点，Stephen S.Morse,“AIDS and Beyond
:Defining the Rules for Viral Traffic,” in AIDS
:The Making of a Chronic Disease,ed.Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M.Fox(Berkeley
:University of California Press,1992),23—48。约翰 ·伯林格尔（Giovanni Berlinguer）在《新旧世界疾病与健康的交流》一文中为哥伦布航海对公共健康影响的讨论提供了一个成熟周密的框架，American Journal of Public Health 82(1992)
:1407—1413。
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[16] Lorraine Daston,Classical Probability in the Enlightenment(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1988); Theodore M.Porter,The Rise of Statistical Thinking,1820—1900(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1986); Andrea Rusnock,“The Quantification of Things Human
:Medicine and Political Arithmetic in Enlightenment England and France,” PhD dissertation,Princeton University,1990.
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[17] 关于卫生警察的概念，见Erna Lesky’s introduction to Johann Peter Frank,A System of Complete Medical Police,ed.Erna Lesky(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1976)；George Rosen,“Cameralism and the Concept of Medical Police”(and other essays),in his From Medical Police to Social Medicine
:Essays on the History of Health Care(New York
:Science History Publications,1974),120—141；以及Ludmilla Jordanova,“Policing Public Health in France,1780—1815,” in Public Health,ed.Teizo Ogawa(Tokyo
:Taniguchi Foundation,1981)。关于启蒙运动有价值的一般介绍，见Guenter B.Risse,“Medicine in the Age of Enlightenment,” in Medicine in Society
:Historical Essays,ed.Andrew Wear(Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press,1992)
:149—195。
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[18] 然而，法国公共卫生的历史不仅仅是百科全书派、空想派们的思想和理论。关于医疗方面，见Matthew Ramsey,Professional and Popular Medicine in France,1170—1830(Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press,1988)。关于18世纪的法国对流行病的处理，见Caroline C.Hannaway,“The Société Royale de Médecine and Epidemics in the Ancien Ré-gime,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 46(1972)
:254—273。另见George D.Sussman,Selling Mothers’ Milk
:The Wet-Nursing Business in France,1715—1914(Urbana
:University of Illinois Press,1982)。
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[19] 罗森对功利主义者的意识形态提出了一定程度的批评，同时也赞扬了他们的许多实践成果。此后，米歇尔·福柯对功利主义改革提出了更严厉的批评，特别是在监狱和精神病院方面。例可见他的Madness and Civilization
:A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason(New York
:Pantheon Books,1965)；Discipline and Punish
:The Birth of the Prison(New York
:Pantheon Books,1977)；以及The Birth of the Clinic
:An Archaeology of Medical Perception(New York
:Pantheon Books,1973)。
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[20] 对于反映在日记和信件等个人叙述中的疾病经验和意义，以及有关健康的流行观念的精彩叙述，见Roy Porter and Dorothy Porter,In Sickness and in Health
:The British Experience,1650—1850(New York
:Blackwell,1988)；Mary E.Fissell,Vernacular Bodies
:The Politics of Reproduction in Early Modern England(Oxford
:Oxford University Press,2004)。另见Charles E.Rosenberg,“Medical Text and Social Context
:Explaining William Buchan’s Domestic Medicine,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 57(1983)
:22—42；Charles E.Rosenberg,Right Living
:An Anglo-American Tradition of Self-Help Medicine(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,2003)；以及Antoinette Emch-Dériaz,“Towards a Social Conception of Health in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century
:Tissot(1728—1787) and the New Preoccupation with Health and Well-Being,” PhD dissertation,University of Rochester,1984。
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[21] 围绕天花接种的争议进行的详细讨论，见Genevieve Miller,The Adoption of Inoculation for Smallpox in England and France(Philadelphia
:University of Pennsylvania Press,1957)；另见John B.Blake,Benjamin Waterhouse and the Introduction of Vaccination
:A Reappraisal(Philadelphia
:University of Pennsylvania Press,1957)。关于天花的世界史，见Donald R.Hopkins,Princes and Peasants
:Smallpox in History(Chicago
:University of Chicago Press,1983)。最终消灭天花的故事，见F.Fenner,D.A.Henderson,I.Arita,Z.Jezek,and I.D.Ladnyi,Smallpox and Its Eradication(Geneva
:World Health Organization,1988)，或另一个更简短的版本，D.A.Henderson,“The History of Smallpox Eradication,”in Times,Places,and Persons
:Aspects of the History of Epidemiology,ed.Abraham M.Lilienfeld(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1980),99—108。
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[22] Peter Ludwig Panum,Observations during the Epidemic of Measles on the Faroe Islands in the Year 1846,with a biographical memoir by Julius Jacob Petersen(New York
:Delta Omega Society; distributed by American Public Health Association,1940); John Snow,Snow on Cholera,a reprint of two papers by John Snow,together with a biographical memoir by B.W.Richardson,MD,and an introduction by Wade Hampton Frost,MD(New York
:Commonwealth Fund,1936); William Budd,Typhoid Fever,Its Nature,Mode of Spreading,and Prevention(London
:Longmans,1873; reprint,New York
:Arno Press,1977).
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[23] Erwin Ackerknecht,“Anticontagionism between 1821 and 1867,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 22(1948)
:562—593。玛格丽特·佩林（Margaret Pelling）最近批评并修改了阿克尔克内希特的论文，对19世纪疾病病因学的辩论提出了一个相当复杂的观点；见Margaret Pelling,Cholera,Fever and English Medicine,1825—1865(Oxford
:Oxford University Press,1978)；William Coleman,Yellow Fever in the North
:The Methods of Early Epidemiology(Madison
:University of Wisconsin Press,1987)；John M.Eyler,Victorian Social Medicine
:The Ideas and Methods of William Farr(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1979)；Roger Cooter,“Anticontagionism and History’s Medical Record,” in The Problem of Medical Knowledge
:Examining the Social Construction of Medicine,ed.P.Wright and A.Treacher(Edinburgh
:Edinburgh University Press,1982),87—108；Abraham M.Lilienfeld and David E.Lilienfeld,“Epidemiology and the Public Health Movement
:A Historical Perspective,” Journal of Public Health Policy 3(1982)
:140—149；Abraham M.Lilienfeld,ed.,Times,Places,and Persons
:Aspects of the History of Epidemiology(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1980)；V.P.Vandenbroucke,H.M.Eelkman Rooda,and H.Beukers,“Who Made John Snow a Hero?,” American Journal of Epidemiology 133(1991)
:967—73；Mervyn Susser,“Epidemiology in the United States after World War II
:The Evolution of Technique,” Epidemiological Reviews 7(1985)
:147—177；Abraham M.Lilienfeld and David E.Lilienfeld,“A Century of Case Control Studies
:Progress?,” Journal of Chronic Diseases 32(1979)
:5—13。
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[24] 在一些公共卫生史中，对生活条件进行了生动的描述。尤见Anthony S.Wohl,Endangered Lives
:Public Health in Victorian Britain(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1983)。
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[25] 19世纪的几次霍乱疫情给社会带来了巨大创伤，大量文献也应运而生。公共卫生史方面的一些佳作，就是将霍乱疫情为焦点，借此分析疾病的社会、政治和文化背景，探讨社会对流行病的各种反应。尤见Charles E.Rosenberg,The Cholera Years
:The United States in 1832,1849,and 1866(Chicago
:University of Chicago Press,1962)，以及较近的Richard J.Evans,Death in Hamburg
:Society and Politics in the Cholera Years,1830—1910(Oxford
:Oxford University Press,1987)。另见François Delaporte,Disease and Civilization
:The Cholera in Paris,1832,trans.Arthur Goldhammer(Cambridge,MA
:MIT Press,1986)；Roderick E.McGrew,Russia and the Cholera,1823—1832(Madison
:University of Wisconsin Press,1965)；R.J.Morris,Cholera 1832
:The Social Response to an Epidemic(New York
:Holmes & Meier,1976)；Michael Durey,The Return of the Plague
:British Society and the Cholera,1831—1832(Atlantic Highlands,NJ
:Gill & Macmillan,1980)；Charles E.Rosenberg,“Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Europe
:A Tool for Social and Economic Analysis,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 8(1966)
:452—463；Richard J.Evans,“Epidemics and Revolutions
:Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Europe,” Past and Present 120(1988)
:123—146。
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[26] 罗森很好地利用了查德威克的观点，说明公共卫生与更大的社会和政治议程之间的关系。另见M.W.Flinn’s introduction to Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain ［1842］,ed.M.W.Flinn(Edinburgh
:Edinburgh University Press,1965),1—73；S.E.Finer,The Life and Times of Sir Edwin Chadwick(London
:Methuen,1952)；R.A.Lewis,Edwin Chadwick and the Public Health Movement,1832—1854(London
:Longmans & Green,1952)；John Eyler,Victorian Social Medicine(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1979)；F.B.Smith,The Peoples Health(London
:Croom Helm,1979)；Dorothy E.Watkins,“The English Revolution in Social Medicine,1880—1911,” PhD dissertation,University of London,1984；Royston Lambert,Sir John Simon 1816—1904 and English Social Administration(London
:MacGibbon & Kee,1963)；Margaret Pelling,Cholera,Fever and English Medicine,1825—1865(Oxford
:Oxford University Press,1978)。
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[27] Friedrich Engels,The Condition of the Working Class in England(Leipzig,1845; reprint,New York
:Oxford University Press,1993);Erwin H.Ackerknecht,Rudolf Virchow.Doctor,Statesman,Anthropologist(Madison
:University of Wisconsin,1953).
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[28] 关于19世纪初法国的公共卫生，见William Coleman,Death Is a Social Disease
:Public Health and Political Economy in Early Industrial France(Madison
:University of Wisconsin Press,1982)；Ann F.La Berge,“Public Health in France and the French Public Health Movement,1815—1848,” PhD dissertation,University of Tennessee,1974；以及ErwinH.Ackerknecht,Medicine at the Paris Hospital,1794—1848(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins Press,1967)。
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[29] 关于维勒梅的作品，见Coleman,Death Is a Social Disease。
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[30] Erwin H.Ackerknecht,Rudolf Virchow
:Doctor,Statesman,Anthropologist(Madison
:University of Wisconsin Press,1953; Rudolf Carl Virchow,“Report on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia.” Reprint excerpt,American Journal of Public Health 96(2006)
:2102—2105; Theodore M.Brown and Elizabeth Fee,“Rudolf Carl Virchow,” American Journal of Public Health 96(2006)
:2104—2105. 罗森帮助确立了魏尔啸作为社会医学先驱者的声誉，见George Rosen,“What Is Social Medicine?” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 21(1947)
:674—733。
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