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1700792571
[19] 罗森对功利主义者的意识形态提出了一定程度的批评，同时也赞扬了他们的许多实践成果。此后，米歇尔·福柯对功利主义改革提出了更严厉的批评，特别是在监狱和精神病院方面。例可见他的Madness and Civilization
:A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason(New York
:Pantheon Books,1965)；Discipline and Punish
:The Birth of the Prison(New York
:Pantheon Books,1977)；以及The Birth of the Clinic
:An Archaeology of Medical Perception(New York
:Pantheon Books,1973)。
1700792572
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[20] 对于反映在日记和信件等个人叙述中的疾病经验和意义，以及有关健康的流行观念的精彩叙述，见Roy Porter and Dorothy Porter,In Sickness and in Health
:The British Experience,1650—1850(New York
:Blackwell,1988)；Mary E.Fissell,Vernacular Bodies
:The Politics of Reproduction in Early Modern England(Oxford
:Oxford University Press,2004)。另见Charles E.Rosenberg,“Medical Text and Social Context
:Explaining William Buchan’s Domestic Medicine,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 57(1983)
:22—42；Charles E.Rosenberg,Right Living
:An Anglo-American Tradition of Self-Help Medicine(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,2003)；以及Antoinette Emch-Dériaz,“Towards a Social Conception of Health in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century
:Tissot(1728—1787) and the New Preoccupation with Health and Well-Being,” PhD dissertation,University of Rochester,1984。
1700792574
1700792575
[21] 围绕天花接种的争议进行的详细讨论，见Genevieve Miller,The Adoption of Inoculation for Smallpox in England and France(Philadelphia
:University of Pennsylvania Press,1957)；另见John B.Blake,Benjamin Waterhouse and the Introduction of Vaccination
:A Reappraisal(Philadelphia
:University of Pennsylvania Press,1957)。关于天花的世界史，见Donald R.Hopkins,Princes and Peasants
:Smallpox in History(Chicago
:University of Chicago Press,1983)。最终消灭天花的故事，见F.Fenner,D.A.Henderson,I.Arita,Z.Jezek,and I.D.Ladnyi,Smallpox and Its Eradication(Geneva
:World Health Organization,1988)，或另一个更简短的版本，D.A.Henderson,“The History of Smallpox Eradication,”in Times,Places,and Persons
:Aspects of the History of Epidemiology,ed.Abraham M.Lilienfeld(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1980),99—108。
1700792576
1700792577
[22] Peter Ludwig Panum,Observations during the Epidemic of Measles on the Faroe Islands in the Year 1846,with a biographical memoir by Julius Jacob Petersen(New York
:Delta Omega Society; distributed by American Public Health Association,1940); John Snow,Snow on Cholera,a reprint of two papers by John Snow,together with a biographical memoir by B.W.Richardson,MD,and an introduction by Wade Hampton Frost,MD(New York
:Commonwealth Fund,1936); William Budd,Typhoid Fever,Its Nature,Mode of Spreading,and Prevention(London
:Longmans,1873; reprint,New York
:Arno Press,1977).
1700792578
1700792579
[23] Erwin Ackerknecht,“Anticontagionism between 1821 and 1867,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 22(1948)
:562—593。玛格丽特·佩林（Margaret Pelling）最近批评并修改了阿克尔克内希特的论文，对19世纪疾病病因学的辩论提出了一个相当复杂的观点；见Margaret Pelling,Cholera,Fever and English Medicine,1825—1865(Oxford
:Oxford University Press,1978)；William Coleman,Yellow Fever in the North
:The Methods of Early Epidemiology(Madison
:University of Wisconsin Press,1987)；John M.Eyler,Victorian Social Medicine
:The Ideas and Methods of William Farr(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1979)；Roger Cooter,“Anticontagionism and History’s Medical Record,” in The Problem of Medical Knowledge
:Examining the Social Construction of Medicine,ed.P.Wright and A.Treacher(Edinburgh
:Edinburgh University Press,1982),87—108；Abraham M.Lilienfeld and David E.Lilienfeld,“Epidemiology and the Public Health Movement
:A Historical Perspective,” Journal of Public Health Policy 3(1982)
:140—149；Abraham M.Lilienfeld,ed.,Times,Places,and Persons
:Aspects of the History of Epidemiology(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1980)；V.P.Vandenbroucke,H.M.Eelkman Rooda,and H.Beukers,“Who Made John Snow a Hero?,” American Journal of Epidemiology 133(1991)
:967—73；Mervyn Susser,“Epidemiology in the United States after World War II
:The Evolution of Technique,” Epidemiological Reviews 7(1985)
:147—177；Abraham M.Lilienfeld and David E.Lilienfeld,“A Century of Case Control Studies
:Progress?,” Journal of Chronic Diseases 32(1979)
:5—13。
1700792580
1700792581
[24] 在一些公共卫生史中，对生活条件进行了生动的描述。尤见Anthony S.Wohl,Endangered Lives
:Public Health in Victorian Britain(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1983)。
1700792582
1700792583
[25] 19世纪的几次霍乱疫情给社会带来了巨大创伤，大量文献也应运而生。公共卫生史方面的一些佳作，就是将霍乱疫情为焦点，借此分析疾病的社会、政治和文化背景，探讨社会对流行病的各种反应。尤见Charles E.Rosenberg,The Cholera Years
:The United States in 1832,1849,and 1866(Chicago
:University of Chicago Press,1962)，以及较近的Richard J.Evans,Death in Hamburg
:Society and Politics in the Cholera Years,1830—1910(Oxford
:Oxford University Press,1987)。另见François Delaporte,Disease and Civilization
:The Cholera in Paris,1832,trans.Arthur Goldhammer(Cambridge,MA
:MIT Press,1986)；Roderick E.McGrew,Russia and the Cholera,1823—1832(Madison
:University of Wisconsin Press,1965)；R.J.Morris,Cholera 1832
:The Social Response to an Epidemic(New York
:Holmes & Meier,1976)；Michael Durey,The Return of the Plague
:British Society and the Cholera,1831—1832(Atlantic Highlands,NJ
:Gill & Macmillan,1980)；Charles E.Rosenberg,“Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Europe
:A Tool for Social and Economic Analysis,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 8(1966)
:452—463；Richard J.Evans,“Epidemics and Revolutions
:Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Europe,” Past and Present 120(1988)
:123—146。
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1700792585
[26] 罗森很好地利用了查德威克的观点，说明公共卫生与更大的社会和政治议程之间的关系。另见M.W.Flinn’s introduction to Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain ［1842］,ed.M.W.Flinn(Edinburgh
:Edinburgh University Press,1965),1—73；S.E.Finer,The Life and Times of Sir Edwin Chadwick(London
:Methuen,1952)；R.A.Lewis,Edwin Chadwick and the Public Health Movement,1832—1854(London
:Longmans & Green,1952)；John Eyler,Victorian Social Medicine(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1979)；F.B.Smith,The Peoples Health(London
:Croom Helm,1979)；Dorothy E.Watkins,“The English Revolution in Social Medicine,1880—1911,” PhD dissertation,University of London,1984；Royston Lambert,Sir John Simon 1816—1904 and English Social Administration(London
:MacGibbon & Kee,1963)；Margaret Pelling,Cholera,Fever and English Medicine,1825—1865(Oxford
:Oxford University Press,1978)。
1700792586
1700792587
[27] Friedrich Engels,The Condition of the Working Class in England(Leipzig,1845; reprint,New York
:Oxford University Press,1993);Erwin H.Ackerknecht,Rudolf Virchow.Doctor,Statesman,Anthropologist(Madison
:University of Wisconsin,1953).
1700792588
1700792589
[28] 关于19世纪初法国的公共卫生，见William Coleman,Death Is a Social Disease
:Public Health and Political Economy in Early Industrial France(Madison
:University of Wisconsin Press,1982)；Ann F.La Berge,“Public Health in France and the French Public Health Movement,1815—1848,” PhD dissertation,University of Tennessee,1974；以及ErwinH.Ackerknecht,Medicine at the Paris Hospital,1794—1848(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins Press,1967)。
1700792590
1700792591
[29] 关于维勒梅的作品，见Coleman,Death Is a Social Disease。
1700792592
1700792593
[30] Erwin H.Ackerknecht,Rudolf Virchow
:Doctor,Statesman,Anthropologist(Madison
:University of Wisconsin Press,1953; Rudolf Carl Virchow,“Report on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia.” Reprint excerpt,American Journal of Public Health 96(2006)
:2102—2105; Theodore M.Brown and Elizabeth Fee,“Rudolf Carl Virchow,” American Journal of Public Health 96(2006)
:2104—2105. 罗森帮助确立了魏尔啸作为社会医学先驱者的声誉，见George Rosen,“What Is Social Medicine?” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 21(1947)
:674—733。
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1700792595
[31] 关于英国公共卫生的后续历史，见Jeanne L.Brand,Doctors and the State
:The British Medical Profession and Government Action in Public Health,1870—1912(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins Press,1965)；Virginia Berridge
:Health and Society in Britain since 1939(New York
:Cambridge University Press,1999)；Jane Lewis,What Price Community Medicine?
:The Philosophy,Practice and Politics of Public Health Since 1919(Brighton
:Wheatsheaf,1986)；论文Dorothy Porter,Elizabeth Fee,and Jane Lewis in A History of Education in Public Health
:Health That Mocks the Doctors’ Rules,ed.Elizabeth Fee and Roy M.Acheson(Oxford
:Oxford University Press,1991),195—229；Frank Honigsbaum,The Struggle for the Ministry of Health,1914—1919(London
:G.Bell,1971)；Charles Webster,“Health,Welfare and Unemployment During the Depression,” Past and Present 109(1985)
:204—230；Frank Honigsbaum,Health,Happiness,and Security
:The Creation of the National Health Service(London
:Routledge,1989)。另见Greta Jones,Social Hygiene in Twentieth-Century Britain(London
:Croom Helm,1986)；Pauline M.H.Mazumdar,Eugenics,Human Genetics and Human Failings
:The Eugenics Society,Its Source and Its Critics in England(New York
:Routledge,1992)；Jane Lewis,The Politics of Motherhood
:Child and Maternal Welfare in England,1900—1939(London
:Croom Helm,1980)；以及Deborah Dwork,War Is Good for Babies and Other Young Children(London
:Tavistock,1987)。
1700792596
1700792597
[32] Ann F.La Berge,“The Early Nineteenth-Century French Public Health Movement
:The Disciplinary Development and Institutionalization of Hygiene Publique,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 58(1984)
:363—379; Evelyn B.Ackerman,Health Care in the Parisian Countryside,1800—1914(New Brunswick,NJ
:Rutgers University Press,1990); Martha L.Hildreth,Doctors,Bureaucrats,and Public Health in France,1888—1902(New York
:Garland,1987).
1700792598
1700792599
[33] Richard J.Evans,Death in Hamburg
:Society and Politics in the Cholera Years,1830—1910(Oxford
:Oxford University Press,1987); Paul Weindling,Health,Race,and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism,1810—1945(New York
:Cambridge University Press,1989).
1700792600
1700792601
[34] 一些有别于这一观点的重要文献，有John Duffy,Epidemics in Colonial America(Baton Rouge
:Louisiana State University Press,1953)；John Blake,Public Health in the Town of Boston,1630—1822(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1959)；以及James H.Cassedy,Demography in Early America
:Beginnings of the Statistical Mind,1600—1800(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1969)。另见Roslyn Stone Wolman,“Some Aspects of Community Health in Colonial Philadelphia,”PhD dissertation,University of Pennsylvania,1974,and David T.Courtwright,“Disease,Death,and Disorder on the American Frontier,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 46(1991)
:467—492。
1700792602
1700792603
[35] 不过最近出版的一些重要著作，确实关注到了这个被忽视的话题：Calvin Martin,Keepers of the Game
:Indian-Animal Relationships and the Fur Trade(Berkeley
:University of California Press,1978)；Stephen J.Kunitz,Disease,Change,and the Role of Medicine
:The Navaho Experience(Berkeley
:University of California Press,1983)；Russell Thornton,American Indian Holocaust and Survival
:A Population History Since 1492(Norman
:University of Oklahoma Press,1987)；以及Alfred W.Crosby,The Columbian Exchange。
1700792604
1700792605
[36] 在这些例外中，有Todd L.Savitt,Medicine and Slavery
:The Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia(Urbana
:University of Illinois Press,1978)；Edward H.Beardsley,A History of Neglect
:Health Care for Blacks and Mill Workers in the Twentieth-Century South(Knoxville
:University of Tennessee Press,1987)；Todd L.Savitt and James Harvey Young,eds.,Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South(Knoxville
:University of Tennessee Press,1988)；William Stanton,The Leopards Spots
:Scientific Attitudes toward Race in America,1815—1859(Chicago
:University of Chicago Press,1960)；Nancy Krieger,“Shades of Difference
:Theoretical Underpinnings of the Medical Controversy on Black/White Differences in the United States,1830—1870,” International Journal of Health Services 17(1987)
:259—273。
1700792606
1700792607
[37] Gert H.Brieger,“Sanitary Reform in New York City
:Stephen Smith and the Passage of the Metropolitan Health Bill,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 40(1966)
:407—429; Charles E.Rosenberg and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg,“Pietism and the Origins of the American Public Health Movement
:A Note on John H.Griscom and Robert M.Hartley,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 23(1968)
:16—35; Barbara Gutmann Rosenkrantz,Public Health and the State
:Changing Views in Massachusetts,1842—1936(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1972); John Duffy,A History of Public Health in New York City(New York
:Russell Sage Foundation,1968—1974).
1700792608
1700792609
[38] 罗森的叙述关注的是细菌学的科学中心。尽管他对流行病学和统计学有所提及，但他认为这些都是附属科学。如果由当代的实践者撰写公共卫生史，他们必定会将流行病学作为公共卫生学的中心学科，给予同样的重视。Milton Terris,“The Epidemiologic Tradition
:The Wade Hampton Frost Lecture,” Public Health Reports 94(1979)
:203—209; F.H.Top,ed.,The History of American Epidemiology(St.Louis,MO
:C.V.Mosby,1952); Abraham M.Lilienfeld,ed.,Times,Places,Persons
:Aspects of the History of Epidemiology(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1980); John M.Eyler,Victorian Social Medicine
:The Ideas and Methods of William Farr(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1979); William Coleman,Yellow Fever in the North
:The Methods of Early Epidemiology(Madison
:University of Wisconsin Press,1987); Carol Bucket al.,eds.,The Challenge of Epidemiology
:Issues and Selected Readings(Washington,DC
:PAHO/WHO,1988); Mervyn Susser,“Epidemiology in the United States after World War II
:The Evolution of Technique,” Epidemiological Reviews 7(1985)
:147—177.关于美国的早期统计史，见James H.Cassedy,Demography in Early America
:Beginnings of the Statistical Mind,1600—1800(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1969)；以及James H.Cassedy,American Medicine and Statistical Thinking,1800—1860(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1984)。
1700792610
1700792611
[39] 虽然罗森对巴斯德的科学生涯的总结很有价值，但可能与杰拉尔德·L.盖森（Gerald L.Geison）更具批判性的观点形成对比，Gerald L.Geison,The Private Science of Louis Pasteur(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1995)；以及Bruno Latour,The Pasteurization of France,trans.Alan Sheridan and John Law(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1988)。稍早的文献，见René Dubos,Louis Pasteur
:Free Lance of Science(London
:Gollancz,1951)；以及René J.Dubos and Thomas D.Brock,Pasteur and Modern Science(1960; reprint,Madison,WI
:Science Tech Publishers,1988)。
1700792612
1700792613
[40] 有许多以科学和实验研究的社会建构为主题的文章，对罗森和许多早期历史学家有时不加批判的观点进行反驳。例见，Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar,Laboratory Life
:The Construction of Scientific Facts(Princeton,NJ
:Princeton University Press,1986)；Bruno Latour,Science in Action
:How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1987)；Daniel P.Todes,Pavlov’s Physiology Factory
:Experiment,Interpretation,Laboratory Enterprise(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,2001)。
1700792614
1700792615
[41] Thomas D.Brock,Robert Koch
:A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology(Madison,WI
:Science Tech Publishers,1988); Patricia Gossel,“The Emergence of American Bacteriology,1875—1900,” PhD dissertation,Johns Hopkins University,1989; William Coleman,“Koch’s Comma Bacillus
:The First Year,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 61(1987)
:315—342.
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[42] 这些都是公共卫生史上的英雄故事，以不同的方式讲述过许多次。其中一个标准的来源是William Bulloch,The History of Bacteriology(London
:Oxford University Press,1938; reprint,1960)；另见Harry F.Dowling,Fighting Infection
:Conquests of the Twentieth Century(Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press,1977)。关于外科手术，见Gert H.Brieger,“American Surgery and the Germ Theory of Disease,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 40(1966)
:135—145。通过François Delaporte,The History of Yellow Fever
:An Essay on the Birth of Tropical Medicine(Cambridge,MA
:MIT Press,1991)，人们对黄热病有了新的解读。关于免疫学历史的最近研究，见Arthur Silverstein,A History of Immunology(San Diego,CA
:Academic Press,1989)；以及Pauline Mazumdar,Immunology,1930—1980
:Essays on the History of Immunology(Toronto
:Wail and Thompson,1989)。
1700792618
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[43] David Blancher,“Workshops of the Bacteriological Revolution
:A History of the Laboratories of the New York Department of Health,” PhD dissertation,City University of New York,1979; Evelynn Hammonds,Childhood’s Deadly Scourge
:The Campaign to Control Diphtheria in New York City,1880—1930(Baltimore
:Johns Hopkins University Press,1999); John Duffy,A History of Public Health in New York City,2 vols.(New York
:Russell Sage Foundation,1968—1974).
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