1700792670

1700792671 [69] 例见，Sellers,Crabgrass Crucible:Suburban Nature and the Rise of Environmentalism in the Twentieth Century(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2012)；Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner,Lead Wars and the Fate of America’s Children(Berkeley:University of California Press,2013)；Robert Gottlieb,Forcing the Spring:The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement(Washington,DC:Island Press,1993)；J.C.Wharton,Before Silent Spring:Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1974)；Jean-Pierre Goubert,The Conquest of Water:The Advent of Health in the Industrial Age,trans.Andrew Wilson(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1989)；Christopher Hamlin,A Science of Impurity:Water Analysis in Nineteenth Century Britain(Berkeley:University of California Press,1990)；Louis P.Cain,Sanitary Strategy for a Lakefront Metropolis:The Case of Chicago(DeKalb:Northern Illinois University Press,1978)；Georges Vigarello,Concepts of Cleanliness:Changing Attitudes in France since the Middle Ages(Cambridge:University of Cambridge Press,1988)；Martin V.Melosi,Garbage in the Cities:Refuse,Reform,and the Environment,1880—1980(College Station:Texas A&M University Press,1981)；Martin V.Melosi,ed.,Pollution and Reform in American Cities,1870—1930(Austin:University of Texas Press,1980)；Elizabeth Fee,Garbage:The History and Politics of Trash in New York City(New York:New York Public Library,1994)。一本研究关于疾病、健康和环境的思想的迷人著作，Alain Corbin,The Foul and the Fragrant:Odor and the French Social Imagination,trans.,Miriam Kochan(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1986)。乔尔·A.塔尔（Joel A.Tarr）写了很多关于垃圾处理和环境管理的重要文章，包括Joel A.Tarr,Terry Yosie,and James McCurley III,“Disputes over Water Quality Policy:Professional Cultures in Conflict,1900—1917,” American Journal of Public Health 70(1980):427—435；Joel A.Tarr,“Industrial Wastes and Public Health:Some Historical Notes,Part 1,1876—1932,” American Journal of Public Health 75(1985):1059—1067；Joel A.Tarr,“The Search for the Ultimate Sink:Urban Air,Land,and Water Pollution in Historical Perspective,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington,D.C. 51(1984):1—29；Joel A.Tarr and Charles Jacobson,“Environmental Risk in Historical Perspective,” in The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk:Essays on Risk Selection and Perception,ed.Branden B.Johnson and Vincent T.Covello(Dordrecht:D.Reidel,1987),317—344。另见更早的一部研究， Nelson M.Blake,Water for the Cities:A History of the Urban Water Supply Problem in the United States(Syracuse,NY:Syracuse University Press,1956)。

1700792672

1700792673 [70] 对这一庞大文献的优秀导读，见Rima Apple,ed.,Women,Health,and Medicine in America:A Historical Handbook(New York:Garland,1990)。Judith Walzer Leavitt,ed.,Women and Health in America:Historical Readings(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1984)是不错的该领域论文集，尤见Linda Gordon,ed.,Women,the State,and Welfare(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1990)。关于家庭卫生，见Nancy Tomes,“The Private Side of Public Health:Sanitary Science,Domestic Hygiene,and the Germ Theory,1870—1900,”Bulletin of the History of Medicine 64(1990):467—480；另见Marilyn T.Williams,Washing “The Great Unwashed”:Public Baths in Urban America,1840—1920(Columbus:Ohio State University Press,1991)。

1700792674

1700792675 [71] Keith Wailoo,Dying in the City of the Blues:Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2000); Keith Wailoo,How Cancer Crossed the Color Line(New York:Oxford University Press,2011); Susan L.Smith,Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired:Black Women’s Health Activism in America,1890—1950(Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1995); Dorothy Roberts,Killing the Black Body:Race,Reproduction,and the Meaning of Liberty(New York:Vintage,1998); Vanessa N.Gamble,The Black Community Hospital:An Historical Perspective(New York:Garland,1989); Vanessa N.Gamble,ed.,Germs Have No Color Lines:Blacks and American Medicine,1900—1945(New York:Garland,1989); David McBride,Integrating the City of Medicine:Blacks in Philadelphia Health Care,1910—1965(Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1989); David McBride,From TB to AIDS:Epidemics among Urban Blacks Since 1900(Albany:State University of New York Press,1991); Todd L.Savitt,Medicine and Slavery:The Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia(Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1978); Edward H.Beardsley,A History of Neglect:Health Care for Blacks and Mill Workers in the Twentieth-Century South(Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press,1987); Todd L.Savitt and James Harvey Young,eds.,Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South(Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press,1988); Stephen J.Kunitz,Disease Change and the Role of Medicine:The Navajo Experience(Berkeley:University of California Press,1983); Russell Thornton,American Indian Holocaust and Survival:A Population History since 1492(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1987); Randall M.Packard,White Plague,Black Labor:Tuberculosis and the Political Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa(Berkeley:University of California Press,1989); Paul Weindling,Health,Race,and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism,1870—1945(New York:Cambridge University Press,1989); Angus McLaren,Our Own Master Race:Eugenics in Canada,1885—1945(Toronto:McClelland & Stewart,1990); Mark B.Adams,ed.,The Wellborn Science:Eugenics in Germany,France,Brazil,and Russia(New York:Oxford University Press,1990).

1700792676

1700792677 [72] Charles E.Rosenberg,The Cholera Years:The United States in 1832,1849,and 1866(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1962); Richard J.Evans,Death in Hamburg:Society and Politics in the Cholera Years,1830—1910(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987); Allan M.Brandt,No Magic Bullet:A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880(New York:Oxford University Press,1985); Naomi Rogers,Dirt and Disease:Polio before FDR(New Brunswick,NJ:Rutgers University Press,1992).

1700792678

1700792679 [73] François Delaporte,The History of Yellow Fever:An Essay on the Birth of Tropical Medicine(Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1991); John Ettling,The Germ of Laziness:Rockefeller Philanthropy and Public Health in the New South(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1981); Barbara Bates,Bargaining for Life:A Social History of Tuberculosis,1816—1938(Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1992); Linda Bryder,Below the Magic Mountain:A Social History of Tuberculosis in Twentieth Century Britain(New York:Oxford University Press,1988); F.B.Smith,The Retreat of Tuberculosis,1850—1950(New York:Croom Helm,1988); Claude Quetel,History of Syphilis(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1990); K.David Patterson,Pandemic Influenza,1700—1900:A Study in Historical Epidemiology(Totowa,NJ:Rowman & Littlefield,1986); Alfred W.Crosby,Epidemic and Peace,1918(Westport,CT:Greenwood Press,1976):Joan Jacobs Brumberg,Fasting Girls:The Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa as a Modern Disease(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1988); James T.Patterson,The Dread Disease:Cancer and Modern American Culture(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1987).另见论文，Charles E.Rosenberg and Janet Golden,eds.,Framing Disease(New Brunswick,NJ:Rutgers University Press,1992)。

1700792680

1700792681 [74] Mirko D.Grmek,History of AIDS:Emergence and Origin of a Modern Pandemic(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1990); Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M.Fox,eds.,AIDS:The Burdens of History(Berkeley:University of California Press,1988); Ronald Bayer,Private Acts,Social Consequences:AIDS and the Politics of Public Health(New York:Free Press,1989); Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M.Fox,eds.,AIDS:The Making of a Chronic Disease(Berkeley:University of California Press,1992); Peter Arno and Karen L.Felden,Against the Odds:The Story of AIDS Drug Development,Politics,and Profits(New York:HarperCollins,1992); David L.Kirp and Ronald Bayer,eds.,AIDS in the Industrialized Democracies:Passions,Politics,and Policies(New Brunswick,NJ:Rutgers University Press,1992).

1700792682

1700792683 [75] Thomas Laqueur,Making Sex:Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1990); Emily Martin,The Woman in the Body:A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction(Boston:Beacon Press,1987); Barbara Duden,The Woman beneath the Skin:A Doctor’s Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1991); Michel Feher,with Ramona Naddaff and Nadia Tazi,eds.,Fragments for a History of the Human Body(Cambridge:MIT Press,1989); Roger Cooter,“The Power of the Body:The Early Nineteenth Century,” Natural Order,ed.Barry Barnes and Steven Shapin(Beverly Hills,CA:Sage Publications,1979).

1700792684

1700792685 [76] Roy Porter,Patients and Practitioners:Lay Perceptions of Medicine in Pre-industrial Society(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985); Roy Porter and Dorothy Porter,In Sickness and in Health:The British Experience,1650—1850(London:Fourth Estate,1988); Andrew Wear,ed.,Medicine in Society:Historical Essays(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992); Mary Fissell,Patients,Power,and the Poor in Eighteenth-Century Bristol(New York:Cambridge University Press,1991); John Woodward and David Richards,eds.,Health Care and Popular Medicine in Nineteenth Century England:Essays in the Social History of Medicine(New York:Holmes & Meier,1977).

1700792686

1700792687 [77] 例见，Barbara G.Rosenkrantz,Public Health and the State:Changing Views in Massachusetts,1842—1936(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1972)；Allan M.Brandt,No Magic Bullet:A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880(New York:Oxford University Press,1985)；Ronald Bayer,Private Acts,Social Consequences:AIDS and the Politics of Public Health(New Brunswick,NJ:Rutgers University Press,1991)。

1700792688

1700792689 [78] 关于这一方向的不同阶段，见Dona Schneider and David E.Lilienfeld,Public Health:The Development of a Discipline,from the Age of Hippocrates to the Progressive Era(New Brunswick,NJ:Rutgers University Press,2008),and Public Health:The Development of a Discipline,Twentieth Century Challenges(New Brunswick,NJ:Rutgers University Press,2011); Mark Harrison,Disease and the Modern World:1500 to the Present Day(Boston:Polity,2004); J.N.Hays,The Burdens of Disease:Epidemics and Human Response in Western History(New Brunswick,NJ:Rutgers University Press,2010)。

1700792690

1700792691 [79] 奥利弗·祖茨（Oliver Zunz）对社会史研究之分散、专业专著之泛滥，以及研究者们对更高水平的归纳的懈怠，提出了批评。见Oliver Zunz,“The Synthesis of Social Change:Reflections on American Social History,” in Reliving the Past:The Worlds of Social History(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1985),53—114。另见Thomas Bender,“Wholes and Parts:The Need for Synthesis in Social History,” Journal of American History 73(1986):120—136；Allan Megill,“Fragmentation and the Future of Historiography,” American Historical Review 96(1991):693—698。

1700792692

1700792693 [80] 杰伊·格拉瑟（Jay Glasser）是美国公共卫生协会历史项目的组织者，他要求公共卫生的每个领域都要有所贡献，这为乐于记录历史的人敞开了大门；American Journal of Public Health也有类似的想法。

1700792694

1700792695 [81] 见“What Medical History Should Be Taught to Medical Students?,” in Education in the History of Medicine,ed.John B.Blake(New York:Hafner,1968),19—27。

1700792696

1700792697 [82] 更多关于社会医学运动及其与公共卫生的关系（尤其是在英国），见Dorothy Porter and Roy Porter,“What Was Social Medicine? An Historiographical Essay,” Journal of Historical Sociology 1(1989):90—106。

1700792698

1700792699 [83] “What Is Social Medicine? A Genetic Analysis of the Concept,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 21(1947):674—733.Healing and History:Essays for George Rosen(New York:Science History,1979),252—262，几乎涵盖了罗森的所有著作，其中包括他为社会医学史写的所有重要文章。

1700792700

1700792701 [84] 除非另有说明，本文中有关罗森的生活信息都是从对其亲友和同事的一系列采访中摘录而来。

1700792702

1700792703 [85] 见“Medicine under Hitler,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 25(1949):125—129。

1700792704

1700792705 [86] 对再版的介绍，见Harry Friedenwald’s The Jews and Medicine:Essays(New York:Ktav,1967)。

1700792706

1700792707 [87] 罗森后来翻译并发表了这篇论文， The Reception of William Beaumont’s Discovery in Europe(New York:Schuman’s,1942)。博蒙特（Beaumont）在19世纪20、30年代对胃部生理学的研究可能是美国医生对基础生物医学科学所做的最早的重大贡献。

1700792708

1700792709 [88] 截至1947年6月，这段时期罗森与西格里斯的全部通信都保存在医学史研究所保管的文件中，研究所隶属于约翰斯·霍普金斯大学医学中心的艾伦·梅森·切斯尼医学档案馆。除非另有说明，关于罗森在1947年间活动的所有讨论都基于这些通信的内容。

1700792710

1700792711 [89] The History of Miners’ Diseases:A Medical and Social Interpretation(New York:Schuman’s,1943).

1700792712

1700792713 [90] The Specialization of Medicine with Particular Reference to Ophthalmology(New York:Froben Press,1944).

1700792714

1700792715 [91] Ackerknecht to Rosen,7 March 1947(George Rosen papers,Yale University Archives,MS group 862 [hereinafter GRP],Addition of 4 June 1979,Box 2).阿克尔克内希特虽然不是犹太人，但作为一名曾逃离纳粹德国的政治难民，他对罗森始终承认自己的犹太身份表示钦佩。见Ackerknecht,“George Rosen as I Knew Him,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 33(1978):254—255。

1700792716

1700792717 [92] 见John Z.Bowers,“Remarks at George Rosen Memorial Service,14 October 1977,Yale University,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 33(1978):256。

1700792718

1700792719 [93] 关于大纽约健康保险计划早期历史的一个很好的资料来源，Louis L.Feldman,“Organization of a Medical Group Practice Prepayment Program in New York City”(New York:Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York,1953),mimeographed。罗森对健康教育的观点，见“Health Education and Preventive Medicine—‘New Horizons in Medical Care,’ ” American Journal of Public Health 42(1952):687—693。

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