1700798988
(4)Association of American Medical Colleges,Tuition and Student Fees Reports-Table 1 U. S. Medical Schools Tuition and Student Fees-First Year Students2009—2010 And2008—2009,http://services.aamc.org/tsfreports/report_median.cfm?year_of_study=2010,2009.
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(5)Association of American Medical Colleges,2009 Medical School Graduation Questionnaire All Schools Summary Report,http://www.aamc.org/data/gq/allschoolsreports/gqfinalreport_2009.pdf,Oct. 26,2009.
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(6)Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education,ACGME Data Resource Book,Academic Year2007—2008.
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(7)Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education,ACGME Data Resource Book,Academic Year2007—2008.
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(8)Ibid.
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(9)Association of American Medical Colleges,Table17:MCAT Scores and GPAs for Applicants and Matriculants to U. S. Medical Schools,1998—2009,http://www.aamc.org/data/facts/applicantmatriculant/table17—fact2009mcatgpa98—09—web.pdf,Oct. 14,2009.
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(10)USMLE,2008 USMLE Performance Data,. http://www.usmle.org/Scores_Transcripts/performance/2008.html,accessed on Dec. 9, 2009.
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(11)Ibid.
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(12)Association of American Medical Colleges,Enrollment,Graduates,and MD/PhD Data,Table26:Total Active Enrollment by U. S. Medical School and Sex,2002—2009,10/19/2009. All enrollment statistics are from this source.
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(13)Association of American Medical Colleges,“Diversity of U. S. Medical Students by Parental Income”,Analysis in Brief,Volume 8,Number 1,January 2008.
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(14)Association of American Medical Colleges,U. S. Medical School Faculty,2008,Table4. Distribution of U. S. Medical School Faculty by Rank and Department,December 31,2008.
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1700799010
(15)Association of American Medical Colleges,U. S. Medical School Revenues-Table 1:Revenues Supposing Programs and Activities at 126 Accredited U. S. Medical Schools FY2008,June 2009. All medical school revenue statistics are from this source.
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(16)American Medical Association,International Medical Graduates in the US Workforce,December 2008.
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(17)Ibid.
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(18)Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates 2008 annual report,p. 13,Jan. 9,2009. All ECFMG statistics are from this source.
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(19)Ibid.
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(20)National Resident Matching Program,Charting Outcomes in the Match:Characteristics of Applicants Who Matched to Their Preferred Specialty in the 2007 NRMP Main Residency Match,2nd Edition,August 2007.
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(21)American Association of Medical Colleges, 2008 Physician Specialty Data, p. 21, Nov. 2008. All IMG specialty data are from this source.
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揭秘美国医疗制度及其相关行业 第七章 护士和其他医疗专业人员
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第一节 概述
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护士是美国医疗行业中人数最多,种类最多,层次最多,工作范围最广最多样化的职业。最广义地讲,护士包括只需接受过简单职业训练的护士助理(Nursing Assistant)到拥有护士博士学位的教育、研究和管理人员。最狭义地讲,护士是指受过正规护士教育,持有护士执照,直接接触病人提供各种诊治服务的医疗人员。
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真正意义上的护士人员中,要求最低的是职业操作护士(Licensed Practical Nurse,LPN;Licensed Vocational Nurse,LVN)。职业操作护士要求高中毕业,然后经过通常2年的护士教育,通过考试取得执照就可以了。根据美国劳工部的统计,2008年美国共有约73万名职业操作护士,她们工资的中位数约为4万美元一年(1),也就是说一半人高于这个数,一半人低于这个数。
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要求高一点的是注册护士(Registered Nurse,RN)。成为一个注册护士要求高中毕业,接受2年或4年的教育,获得护士专科(Associate’s Degree in Nursing)或本科(Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing)文凭,通过注册护士考试,取得执照。注册护士是美国护士职业的主力军,2008年在美国约有254万名,她们工资的中位数约为6.5万美元(2),高于美国平均家庭年收入。
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