1700798988
(4)Association of American Medical Colleges，Tuition and Student Fees Reports-Table 1 U. S. Medical Schools Tuition and Student Fees-First Year Students2009—2010 And2008—2009，http://services.aamc.org/tsfreports/report_median.cfm?year_of_study=2010，2009.
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1700798990
(5)Association of American Medical Colleges，2009 Medical School Graduation Questionnaire All Schools Summary Report，http://www.aamc.org/data/gq/allschoolsreports/gqfinalreport_2009.pdf，Oct. 26，2009.
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(6)Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education，ACGME Data Resource Book，Academic Year2007—2008.
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(7)Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education，ACGME Data Resource Book，Academic Year2007—2008.
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(8)Ibid.
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(9)Association of American Medical Colleges，Table17：MCAT Scores and GPAs for Applicants and Matriculants to U. S. Medical Schools，1998—2009，http://www.aamc.org/data/facts/applicantmatriculant/table17—fact2009mcatgpa98—09—web.pdf，Oct. 14，2009.
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(10)USMLE，2008 USMLE Performance Data,. http://www.usmle.org/Scores_Transcripts/performance/2008.html，accessed on Dec. 9, 2009.
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(11)Ibid.
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(12)Association of American Medical Colleges，Enrollment，Graduates，and MD/PhD Data，Table26：Total Active Enrollment by U. S. Medical School and Sex，2002—2009，10/19/2009. All enrollment statistics are from this source.
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(13)Association of American Medical Colleges，“Diversity of U. S. Medical Students by Parental Income”，Analysis in Brief，Volume 8，Number 1，January 2008.
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1700799008
(14)Association of American Medical Colleges，U. S. Medical School Faculty，2008，Table4. Distribution of U. S. Medical School Faculty by Rank and Department，December 31，2008.
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1700799010
(15)Association of American Medical Colleges，U. S. Medical School Revenues-Table 1：Revenues Supposing Programs and Activities at 126 Accredited U. S. Medical Schools FY2008，June 2009. All medical school revenue statistics are from this source.
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(16)American Medical Association，International Medical Graduates in the US Workforce，December 2008.
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(17)Ibid.
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(18)Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates 2008 annual report，p. 13，Jan. 9，2009. All ECFMG statistics are from this source.
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(19)Ibid.
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1700799020
(20)National Resident Matching Program，Charting Outcomes in the Match：Characteristics of Applicants Who Matched to Their Preferred Specialty in the 2007 NRMP Main Residency Match，2nd Edition，August 2007.
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(21)American Association of Medical Colleges, 2008 Physician Specialty Data, p. 21, Nov. 2008. All IMG specialty data are from this source.
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揭秘美国医疗制度及其相关行业 第七章 护士和其他医疗专业人员
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第一节 概述
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护士是美国医疗行业中人数最多，种类最多，层次最多，工作范围最广最多样化的职业。最广义地讲，护士包括只需接受过简单职业训练的护士助理（Nursing Assistant）到拥有护士博士学位的教育、研究和管理人员。最狭义地讲，护士是指受过正规护士教育，持有护士执照，直接接触病人提供各种诊治服务的医疗人员。
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真正意义上的护士人员中，要求最低的是职业操作护士（Licensed Practical Nurse，LPN；Licensed Vocational Nurse，LVN）。职业操作护士要求高中毕业，然后经过通常2年的护士教育，通过考试取得执照就可以了。根据美国劳工部的统计，2008年美国共有约73万名职业操作护士，她们工资的中位数约为4万美元一年(1)，也就是说一半人高于这个数，一半人低于这个数。
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要求高一点的是注册护士（Registered Nurse，RN）。成为一个注册护士要求高中毕业，接受2年或4年的教育，获得护士专科（Associate’s Degree in Nursing）或本科（Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing）文凭，通过注册护士考试，取得执照。注册护士是美国护士职业的主力军，2008年在美国约有254万名，她们工资的中位数约为6.5万美元(2)，高于美国平均家庭年收入。
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