打字猴:1.700801005e+09
1700801005
1700801006 此法案虽然饱受民主党的攻击和舆论的批评,布什政府和包括陶森在内的共和党国会领袖却使出了浑身解数,为此法案的通过保驾护航。布什政府把此项法案预估的国库花费故意压低了至少25%,把10年5000亿~6000亿的费用宣布成只有4000亿(16)。2003年6月27日,此法案在众议院进行投票表决,初次投票结果赞成票214票,反对票218票。此时共和党领袖在最后关头迫使本党两位议员把反对票改投赞成票,把另一位本党议员的反对票改成弃权票,终于使该法案以216票赞成215票反对强行通过。
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1700801008 在参议院,这个法案也饱受批评,但在行业游说人员、布什政府和参议院共和党领袖的狂轰猛炸之下,终于跌跌撞撞获得了通过。2003年12月8日,布什签字,法案生效。2个月之后,比尔·陶森宣布辞职,以200万美元年薪之资,正式成为了大制药行业的游说主管。同时,多位参与帮助此法案起草、通过的国会工作人员、布什政府人员也同样辞去公职,以高薪转而为制药工业和医疗保险行业当起了游说人。
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1700801010 (1)National Center for Charitable Statistics,Number of Nonprofit Organizations in the United States,1998—2008. http://nccsdataweb.urban.org/PubApps/profilel.php?state=US,accessed on Nov., 11,2009.
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1700801012 (2)National Center for Charitable Statistics,Number of501(c)(6)Business Leagues by NTEE Activity/Purpose—Annual Filers Only,http://nccsdataweb.urban.org/PubApps/nonprofit-overview-sumRpt.php? v=nteeFilers&t=c6&f=0,accessed on Nov. 12, 2009. Other organization statistics are from the same source:http://nccsdataweb.urban.ors/PubApps/nonprofit-overview.php.
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1700801014 (3)Hoover’s Inc., http://www.hoovers.com/ama/—ID_7069—free-co-profile.xhtml,accessed on Nov. 13,2009.
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1700801016 (4)American Medical Association,2008 AMA Annual Report,Page 20.
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1700801018 (5)Berlant, Jeffrey, Profession and Monopoly: a study of medicine in the United States and Great Britain. University of California Press, 1975.
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1700801020 (6)Paul Krugman, The AMA-as good guys????, The New York Times, July 16, 2009. http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/th-ama-as-good-guys/, accessed on Nov. 14, 2009.
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1700801022 (7)National Physicians Alliance,Why Now?,http://npalliance.org/content/pages/why_now,accessed on Nov. 15,2009.
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1700801024 (8)AHA,About the American Hospital Association,http://www.aha.org/aha/about/index.html,accessed on Nov. 16,2009.
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1700801026 (9)AHIP,http://www.ahip.org/content/default.aspx?bc=31142,accessed on Nov. 17,2009.
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1700801028 (10)Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Office of the Actuary. National Healthcare Expenditure, Data released January 6, 2009.
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1700801030 (11)Center for Responsive Politics,Long-term Contribution Trend,1990—2010 http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?ind=H,accessed on Nov. 20,2009.
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1700801032 (12)Center for Responsive Politics,http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/top.php?showYear=2008&indexType=i,accessed on Nov. 20, 2009.
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1700801034 (13)Kelly Wallace,CNN,President Clinton announces another record budget surplus,September 27,2000. http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/09/27/clinton.surplus/,accessed on Nov.,22,2009.
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1700801036 (14)Public Citizen,Drug Industry and HMOs Deployed an Army of Nearly1,000 Lobbyists to Push Medicare Bill,Report Finds,June 23,2004. http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/release.cfm?ID=1733,accessed on Nov. 22. 2009.
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1700801038 (15)The Arizona Daily Star,Medicare Part D Patients Pay More for Drugs than Veterans,Jan. 10,2007. http://www.azstarnet.com/news/163911,accessed on Nov.,22,2009.
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1700801040 (16)Robert Pear, Inquiry Confirms Top Medicare Official Threatened Actuary Over Cost of DrugBenefits, The New York Times, July 7, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/07/us/inquiry-confirms-top-medicare-official-threatened-actuary-over-cost-drug.html, accessed on Nov. 22, 2009.
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1700801045 揭秘美国医疗制度及其相关行业 [:1700797316]
1700801046 揭秘美国医疗制度及其相关行业 第十五章 美国医疗制度的困境和改革
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1700801048 揭秘美国医疗制度及其相关行业 [:1700797317]
1700801049 第一节 美国医疗制度的困境
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1700801051 在讨论美国医疗制度的困境的时候,很多人往往会看到“危机”(Crisis)这个词,暗示着如果不采取行动,灾难可能就要发生。那么现实是不是就是这样呢?在研究这个问题之前,我们必须确认美国的医疗在很多领域是世界领先的,特别是在生物医疗研究、绝大部分医疗科技、严格的医科教育、最尖端的医疗服务(当然并不是所有人都能享受)和严密的监管和管理等方面。并不能因为美国医疗的某些问题而抹杀或忽视这些优势和成就。这些在本书的有关章节中都详细地介绍过,也不是本章的重点,这里就不再重复了。
1700801052
1700801053 关于美国医疗制度总体现状中的问题,第一章就涉及了,最主要的挑战是医疗费用步步升高,医疗福利和医疗保险覆盖不完全,医疗提供过程中存在重复浪费和低效率,疾病预防和长期管理没有受到应有的重视等。其中重中之重是日益高涨的医疗费用和医疗覆盖的缺口。
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