打字猴:1.700846226e+09
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1700846227 12.实际上,研究结果不尽如人意,对我们来说已经司空见惯。在一些案例中,我们出了错,比如在“续汤碗”的研究中用的鸡汤面条堵住了续汤的管子。在另一些案例中,有意外发生,比如有人把一个价值 1,400 美元的无线磅秤撸下了桌子。还有一些情况,只能怪我们的研究设计得不够巧妙,不足以达成清晰的答案。这就是我们反复做那么多事的缘故。
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1700846229 8. 营养把关人
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1700846231 1.参见:Brian Wansink and Keong-mi Lee,“Cooking Habits Provide a Key to 5 a Day Success,” Journal of the American Dietetic Assocation 104:11 (November 2004):1648–50。
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1700846233 2.参见:Brian Wansink,“Focus on Nutritional Gatekeepers and the 72% Solution,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association,(September 2006)。有趣的是,我们跟各种不一样的人群反复做过这个测试。厨艺好的人、不下厨的人、年轻的父母、空巢老人、祖母、单身母亲等。他们各有不同,但最后的估计都在 72% 左右。
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1700846235 3.参见:Brian Wansink and Randall Westgren,“Profiling Taste-Motivated Segments,” Appetite 41:3 (December 2003):323–27;Brian Wansink and JaeHak Cheong,“Taste Profiles that Correlate with Soy Consumption in Developing Countries,” Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 1:6 (December 2002):276–78;Brian Wansink and Keong-mi Lee,“Cooking Habits Provide a Key to 5 a Day Success”。
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1700846237 4.参见:Brian Wansink,“Profiling Nutritional Gatekeepers:Three Methods for Differentiating Influential Cooks,” Food Quality and Preference 14:4 (June 2003):289–297。
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1700846239 5.当“营养把关人”研究首度发表时,评审人希望我们更注重方法而不是计算百分比。见:Brian Wansink,“Profiling Nutritional Gatekeepers:Three Methods for Differentiating Influential Cooks,” FoodQualityandPreference14:4(June2003):289–297。百分比参见 Brian Wansink,Marketing Nutrition:Soy,Functional Foods,Biotechnology,and Obesity (Champaign:University of Illinois Press,2005)。
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1700846241 6.参见:Brian Wansink,Ganaël Bascoul,and Gary T. Chen,“The Sweet Tooth Hypothesis:How Fruit Consumption Relates to Snack Consumption,” Appetite,31:2 (June 2006)。
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1700846243 7.在家吃饭挑食?振作点。持之以恒终有回报。尝一口不会要人命。利恩·伯奇教授已经证明了,尝一口的次数可能会多达 15 次,但最终孩子们会接受更丰富的口味,而不是只喜欢薯条、冰淇淋和果冻。
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1700846245 8.参见:Julie A. Mennella and Gary K. Beauchamp,“The Early Development of Human Flavor Preferences” in ed. Elizabeth D. Capaldi,Why We Eat What We Eat:The Psychology of Eating (Washington,D.C.:American Psychological Association,1996)。
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1700846247 9.这一纵向研究包括了对照组、分组日志和可信性确认,这些补充解释听起来都很乏味。凤尾鱼(新鲜的、不是腌制的)也许太夸张了,但是请放心,吃得很开心的小朋友可不止我女儿奥黛丽一个人。还有一点很重要:不要用可能引起窒息的食物,比如爆米花、坚果、薯片、整穗玉米、莓果、葡萄、热狗、生蔬菜、葡萄干以及片状干麦片。请关注 www.MindlessEating.org,及时了解该定组研究的最新进展。
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1700846249 8.参见:Julie A. Mennella and Gary K. Beauchamp,“The Early Development of Human Flavor Preferences” in ed. Elizabeth D. Capaldi,Why We Eat What We Eat:The Psychology of Eating (Washington,D.C.:American Psychological Association,1996)。
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1700846251 10.这是经典之作:Sibylle K. Escalona,“Feeding Disturbances in Very Young Children,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 15 (1945):76–80。
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1700846253 11.参见:See T. M. Field,R. Woodson,R. Greenberg,and D. Cohen,“Discrimination and Imitation of Facial Expressions by Neonates,” Science 218 (1982):179–181。
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1700846255 12.感谢下面这本激发灵感的好书提供的例子:Alexandra Logue,The Psychology of Eating and Drinking,3rd edition (New York:Brunner-Routledge,2005)。
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1700846257 13.参见:F. Baeyens,D. Vansteenwegen,J. De Houwer,and G. Crombex,“Observational Conditioning of Food Valence in Humans,” Appetite 27 (1996):235–50。
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1700846259 14.这方面最值得关注的研究大多出自利恩·伯奇。见:Leann L. Birch,“Generalization of a Modified Food Preference,” Child Development 52 (1981):755–58。
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1700846261 15.参见:Kathleen M. Pike and Judith Rodin,“Mothers,Daughters,and Disordered Eating,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology,100 (1991):198–204。
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1700846263 16.摘自美国饮食学会Dieting for Dummies (Hoboken,NJ:Wiley & Sons,2004)。
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1700846265 17.关于这项研究的精彩论述请见:Alexandra Logue,The Psychology of Eating and Drinking,3rd edition (New York:Brunner-Routledge,2005)。
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1700846267 18.这一新的研究领域着重探讨儿童喜欢或不喜欢健康食品的原因。它的依据是我们对成年人惬意美食成因的认识,见:Brian Wansink and Cynthia Sangerman,“Engineering Comfort Foods,” American Demographics (July 2000):66–67。
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1700846269 19.这些孩子的父母都是来自中国大陆,他们几乎完全吃着中式食品长大。虽然碘元素能预防甲状腺问题,这个知识肯定哄不了四岁小孩多吃海带。
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1700846271 20.在法国,这是一种常见的零食观念。在中产阶层当中,在三餐之间吃零食仍被视为没有修养的行为。
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1700846273 21.出自下列一本很有趣的书:Carolyn Wyman,Better Than Homemade (Philadelphia:Quirk Books,2004)。
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1700846275 22.这些经典研究大多在儿童行为实验室(Child Behavior Labs)进行,当时伯奇和费希尔两位都在伊利诺斯大学香槟分校。见:Leann L. Birch and Jennifer O. Fisher,“Mother’s Child-Feeding Practices Influence Daughters’ Eating and Weight,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (2000):1054–61;Leann L. Birch,Linda McPhee,B. C. Shoba,Lois Steinberg,and Ruth Krehbiel,“Clean Up Your Plate:Effects of Child Feeding Practices on the Conditioning of Meal Size,” Learning and Motivation 18 (1987):301–317。另见:Jennifer O. Fisher,Barbara J. Rolls,and Leann L. Birch,“Children’s Bite Size and Intake of an Entrée Are Greater with Large Portions Than with Age-Appropriate or Self-Selected Portions,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 (2003):1164–1170。
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