打字猴:1.70094602e+09
1700946020 [27]这段历史同样比我概括的要复杂得多。杨-米尔斯理论首先是在20世纪20年代的高维统一理论的背景下发现的,但被人遗忘了。20世纪50年代,杨振宁和米尔斯(Robert Mills)才重新发现了它。
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1700946022 [28]Y Nomura and B.Tweedie, hep-ph/0504246
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1700946024 [29]弗拉姆普顿的电子邮件(经允许引用)。
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1700946026 [30]A.Einstein,“Approximate Integration of the Field Equations of Gravitation,”Sit-zungsberichte der Preussische Akadamie der Wissenschaften(Berlin,1916)688~696.关于量子引力的早期历史,见John Stachel(引言和第五部分评论),Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Field Theory, ed.Tian Yu Cao(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999)
1700946027
1700946028 [31]W.Heisenberg and W.Pauli,“Zur Quantendynamik der Wellenfelder,”Zeit.fü r Physik,56:1~61(1929),p.3.
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1700946030 [32]M.P.Bronstein,“Quantization of gravitational waves,”Zh.Eksp.Teor.Fix.6(1936)195.关于Bronstein的详细情况,见Stachel in Conceptual Foundations, and als。C.Gorelik,“Matvei Bronstein and Quantum Gravity:70th Anniversary of the Unsolved Prob-lem,”Physics-Uspekhi,48:10(2005).
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1700946032 [33]Richard P.Feynman, What Do You Care What Other People Think?(New York:W.W.Norton,1988),p.91.
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1700946034 [34]其实这是引力束缚系统(诸如恒星和星系)的一般性质。那些系统在输入能量时会发生冷却。引力系统与非引力系统的这个根本区别正是很多统一物理学的尝试所遭遇的巨大绊脚石。
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1700946036 [35]G.Veneziano,“Construction of a Crossing-Yymmetric Regge-Behaved Amplitude for Linearly Rising Regge Trajectories,”Nuovo Cim.,57 A:190~197(1968).
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1700946038 [36]http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/susskind03/susskind_index.html.
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1700946040 [37]P.Ramond,“Dual theory for free fermions,”Phys.Rev.D,3(10):2415~2418(1971).
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1700946042 [38]另一篇特别重要的论文是“Quantum Dynamics of a Massless Relativistic String,”by P.Goddard, J.Goldstone, C.Rebbi, and C.Thom, Nu.cl.Phys.,56:109~135(1973).
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1700946044 [39]J.Scherk and J.H.Schwarz,“Dual Models for Non-Hadrons,”Nuc.Phys.B,81(1):118~144(1974).
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1700946046 [40]T.Yoneya,“Connection of Dual Models to Electrodynamics and Gravidynamics,”Prog.Theor.Phys..51(6):1907~1920(1974).
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1700946048 [41]一个理论在数学上和谐,指的是它不会给出自相矛盾的结果。一个相关的要求是,理论描述的所有物理学量都应该是有限的。
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1700946050 [42]J.H.Schwarz, interviewed by Sara Lippincott, July 21 and 26,2000,http://-oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/116/01/Schwarz_OHO.pdf.
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1700946052 [43]M.B.Green and J.H.Schwarz,“Anomaly Cancellations in Supersymmetric D=10 Gauge Theory and Superstring Theory,”Phys.Lett.B,149(1~3):117~122(1984).
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1700946054 [44]施瓦兹访谈。
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1700946056 [45]Thomas S.Kuhn, The Structure of Scientiac Revolutions(Chicago:Univ.of Chicago Press,1962).
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1700946058 [46]S.Mandelstam,“The N-loop String Amplitude—Explicit Formulas, Finitenness and Absence of Ambiguities,”Phys.Lett.B,277(1~2):82~88(1992).
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1700946060 [47]P.Candelas et al.,“Vacuum Conagurations for Superstrings,”Nuc.Phys.B,258(1):46~74(1985).
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1700946062 [48]A.Strominger,“Superstrings with Torsion,”Nuclear Physics B,274(2):253~284(1986).
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1700946064 [49]In P.C.W.Davies and Julian Brown, eds.,Superstrings:A Theory of Everything(Cambridge Univ.Press,1988),pp.194~195.
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1700946066 [50]Sheldon L.Glashow and Ben Bova, Interactions:A Journey Through the Mind of a Particle Physicist(New York:Warner Books,1988),p.25.
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1700946068 [51]L.Smolin,“Did the Universe Evolve,”Class.Quantum Grav.,9(1):173~191(1992).
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