1700946050
[42]J.H.Schwarz, interviewed by Sara Lippincott, July 21 and 26,2000,http://-oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/116/01/Schwarz_OHO.pdf.
1700946051
1700946052
[43]M.B.Green and J.H.Schwarz,“Anomaly Cancellations in Supersymmetric D=10 Gauge Theory and Superstring Theory,”Phys.Lett.B,149(1~3):117~122(1984).
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1700946054
[44]施瓦兹访谈。
1700946055
1700946056
[45]Thomas S.Kuhn, The Structure of Scientiac Revolutions(Chicago:Univ.of Chicago Press,1962).
1700946057
1700946058
[46]S.Mandelstam,“The N-loop String Amplitude—Explicit Formulas, Finitenness and Absence of Ambiguities,”Phys.Lett.B,277(1~2):82~88(1992).
1700946059
1700946060
[47]P.Candelas et al.,“Vacuum Conagurations for Superstrings,”Nuc.Phys.B,258(1):46~74(1985).
1700946061
1700946062
[48]A.Strominger,“Superstrings with Torsion,”Nuclear Physics B,274(2):253~284(1986).
1700946063
1700946064
[49]In P.C.W.Davies and Julian Brown, eds.,Superstrings:A Theory of Everything(Cambridge Univ.Press,1988),pp.194~195.
1700946065
1700946066
[50]Sheldon L.Glashow and Ben Bova, Interactions:A Journey Through the Mind of a Particle Physicist(New York:Warner Books,1988),p.25.
1700946067
1700946068
[51]L.Smolin,“Did the Universe Evolve,”Class.Quantum Grav.,9(1):173~191(1992).
1700946069
1700946070
[52]更通常的说法是,T代表targetspace(“靶空间”)。——译者
1700946071
1700946072
[53]E.Witten,“String Theory Dynamics in Various Dimensions,”hepth/9503124;Nucl.Phys.B,443:85~126(1995).
1700946073
1700946074
[54]C.M.Hull and P.K.Townsend,“Unity of Superstring Dualities,”hepth/9410167;Nucl.Phys.B,438:109~137(1994).
1700946075
1700946076
[55]私下交流。
1700946077
1700946078
[56]J.Polchinski,“DirichletBranes andRamond-RamondCharges,”Phys.Rev.Lett.,75(26):4724~4727(1995).
1700946079
1700946080
[57]J.Maldacena,“The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravi-ty,”hep-th/9711200;Adv.Theor.Math.Phys.,2:231~252(1998);Int.J.Theor.Phys.,38:1113~1133(1999).
1700946081
1700946082
[58]A.M.Polyakov,“A Few Projects in String Theory,”hep-th/9304146.
1700946083
1700946084
[59]B.de Wit, J.Hoppe, and H.Nicolai,“On the Quantum-Mechanics of Supermem-branes,”Nuc.Phys.B,05(4):545~581(1988).
1700946085
1700946086
[60]T.Banks, W.Fischler, S.Shenker, and L.Susskind,“M-Theory as a Matrix Model:A Conjecture,”Phys.Rev.D,55(8):5112~5128(1997).
1700946087
1700946088
[61]超新星观测是SaulPerlmutter和他在劳伦斯伯克利实验室的合作者以及Robert Kirschner和他的“大红移超新星搜寻”小组完成的。
1700946089
1700946090
[62]E.Witten,“QuantumGravityindeSitterSpace,”hep-th/0106109.威藤接着说,“考虑到经典的止步定理,最后这个陈述并不十分令人惊奇。因为,从稳定模的通常问题来看,鉴于德西特空间不会经典地产生,也很难在量子水平上以可靠的方式得到它”(所谓经典的止步定理,指SidneyColemanandJeffreyMandula在1967年提出的no-go定理,说一个和谐的4维量子场论的对称群只能是内禀对称群与Poincare群的直积,而“不可能以任何非平凡的方式混合时空和内在对称性”。它在超对称性的推广即Haag-Lopuszanski-Sohmus定理。——译者)
1700946091
1700946092
[63]S.Kachru, R.Kallosh, A.Linde, andS.Trivedi,“DeSitterVacuainStringThe-ory,”hep-th/0301240.(这篇论文被广泛引用,简称KKLT。——译者)
1700946093
1700946094
[64]例如,参见T.Hertog, G.T.Horowitz, and K.Maeda,“Negative Energy Density in Calabi-Yau Compatifications,”hep-th/0304199,Jour.High Energy Pgys.,0305:60(2003).
1700946095
1700946096
[65]L.Susskind,“The Anthropic Landscape of String Theory,”hep-th/0302219.
1700946097
1700946098
[66]原来,在这儿用了一个错误的原理:假定我们观测O并考虑两个可能的解释。在给定解释A的情况下,0的概率很低,但在给定解释B的情况下,O的概率很高。由此很容易得出结论说B的概率比A的概率高,但没有一个逻辑或概率原理允许这样的推论。
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