打字猴:1.70094623e+09
1700946230 [132]IrvingJanis, Victims.ofGroupthink:APsychologicalStudyofForeign-PolicyDeci-sionsandFiascoes(Boston:HoughtonMifoin,1972),p9。当然,这种现象很老了影响卓著的经济学家JohnKennethGalbraith称它为“惯性智慧”他的意思是,“很多意见虽然未必有什么道理,但往往把握在富人和名人的手里,只有莽汉和傻瓜才会拿自己的事业去冒险反对它们。”(引自一篇书评,见FinancialTimes, Aug 12,2004)
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1700946232 [133]IrvingJanis, CruciallDecisions:Leadershipin PolicymakingandCrisisManagement(NewYork:FreePress,1989),p.60.
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1700946234 [134]http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/theory/grpthink.html.
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1700946236 [135]另一个例子是,冯?诺伊曼(JohnvonNeumann)在1932年发表了关于不存在量子理论隐变量的错误证明,曾被广泛引用近30年,直到后来玻姆(DavidBohm)发现了隐变量。
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1700946238 [136]费耶阿本德(1924~1994)是哲学的“叛徒”,“科学最恶劣的敌人”(《自然》杂志对他的评论)。《反对方法》(AgainstMethod)是他最著名的作品,出版于1975年。本书的副标题是“无政府主义知识论纲要”,宣扬“什么都可以”,意思是科学无所谓方法,科学与占星术、巫术等东西并没有本质区别。(此书有周昌忠的译本,上海译文出版社,1992)——译者
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1700946240 [137]见Paul Feyerabend, Killing Time:The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend(Chica-go:Univ.of Chicago Press,1996).
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1700946242 [138]例如见Karl Popper, The Logic of ScientificDiscovery(New York:Routledge,2002).
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1700946244 [139]ThomasS.Kuhn, TheStructureof ScientificRevolutions(Chicago:Univ.ofChicago Press,1962).
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1700946246 [140]ImreLakatos, ProofsandRefutations(Cambridge, U.K.:CambridgeUniv.Press,1976).
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1700946248 [141]苏斯金在为人存原理辩护时就称它的批评者为Popperazzi,因为他们需要借助某些证伪方法。但认同批评波普尔将证伪作为科学过程的唯一要素是一回事,而宣扬在科学基础上接受一个没有唯一确定的可以证伪或证实的预言的理论,则是另一回事。在这方面,我很自豪自己是波普尔的信徒。
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1700946250 [142]Alexander Marshack, The Roots of Civilization:The Cognitive Beginnings ofMans First Art, Symbol, and Notation(New York:McGraw-Hill,1972).
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1700946252 [143]D.H.Wolpert and W.G.Macready, No Free Lunch Theorems for Search, Techni-cal Report, Santa Fe Institute, SFI-TR-95-02-010.
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1700946254 [144]Richard P.Feynman,“What is Science,”The Physics Teacher, Sept.1969.
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1700946256 [145]转引自Simon Singh,“Even Einstein Had His Off Days,”New York Times, Jan.2,2005.
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1700946258 [146]例如,见Mara Beller, Quantum Dialogue:The Making ofa Revolution(Chicago:Univ.of Chicago Press,1999).
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1700946260 [147]Thomas S.Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions(Chicago:Univ.of Chicago Press,1962).
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1700946262 [148]爱因斯坦1944年12月7日给RA.Thorton的信,未发表,耶路撒冷希伯来大学爱因斯坦档案(EA6-574)引自DonHoward,“AlbertEinsteinasaPhillosopherof Science,”PhysicsToday, Dec.2005
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1700946264 [149]T.Jacobson and L.Smolin,“Nonperturbative Quantum Geometries,”Nucl.Phys.B,299:295~345(1988).
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1700946266 [150]例如,见L.Crane,“Clock and Category:Is Quantum C-avity Algebraic?”gr-qc/9504038;J.Math.Phys.,36:6180~6193(1995).
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1700946268 [151]例如,见F.Markopoulou,“An Insiders Guide to Quantum Causal Histories,”hep-th/9912137;Nucl.Phys.B, Proc.Supp.,88(1):308~313(2000).
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1700946270 [152]Seth Lloyd, Programming the Universe:A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes on the Cosmos(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,2006).
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1700946272 [153]我要再次强调,我说的只是那些经过了良好训练,拿到了博士学位的人,而不管那些不了解科学是什么的人或科学骗子。
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1700946274 [154]L.Smolin,“On the Nature of Quantum Fluctuations and Their Relation to Gravita-tion and the Principle of Inertia,”Glass.Quant.Grav.,3:347~359(1986).
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1700946276 [155]Julian Barbour, The End of Time:The Next Revolution in Physics(New York:Ox-ford Univ.Press,2001).
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1700946278 [156]D.Finkelstein,“Past-Future Asymmetry of the Gravitational Field of a Point Parti-cle,”Phys.Rev.,110:965~967(1958).
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