打字猴:1.70106956e+09
1701069560 [157]“你就能用其来解决停机问题”:参见Moore, C.,Recursion theory on the reals and continuous-time computation.Theoretical Computer Science,162,1996,pp.23—44。
1701069561
1701069562 [158]“宇宙的终极确定性模型”:Wolfram, S.,ANew Kindof Science.Champaign, IL:Wolfram Media,2002,p.466。
1701069563
1701069564 [159]“我猜其实相当短”:沃尔夫勒姆,引自Levy, S.,The man who cracked the code to everything……Wired,Issue 10.06,2002年6月。
1701069565
1701069566 [160]“祖斯和弗瑞德金早在20世纪60年代就提出了宇宙是元胞自动机的理论”:参见Zuse, K.,Rechnender Raum Braunschweig:Friedrich Vieweg&Sohn,1969[英文版:Calculating Space.MIT Technical Translation AZT-70-164-GEMIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology(Project MAC),Cambridge, MA,02139,1970年2月];以及Wright, R.,Did the universe just happen?Atlantic Monthly,1988年4月,pp.29—44。
1701069567
1701069568 [161]“粒子计算”:我们在元胞自动机和粒子计算方面的研究的详细阐述可以参见Crutchfield, J.P.,Mitchell, M.,&Das, R.,Evolutionary design of collective computation in cellular automata。收录在J.P.Crutchfield&P.K.Schuster(编辑),Evolutionary Dynamics——Exploringthe Interplayof Selection, Neutrality, Accident, and Function.New York:Oxford University Press,2003,pp.361—411。
1701069569
1701069570 [162]“物理学家帕卡德的一篇文章”:Packard, N.H.,Adaptation toward the edge of chaos。收录在J.A.S.Kelso, A.J.Mandell, M.F.Shlesinger(编辑),Dynamic Patternsin Complex Systems.Singapore:World Scientific,1988,pp.293—301。
1701069571
1701069572 [163]“多数分类”:多数分类任务在元胞自动机文献中也称为“密度分类(density classification)”。
1701069573
1701069574 [164]“克鲁奇菲尔德之前发明了一种方法”:参见,Crutchfield, J.P.,&Hanson, J.E.,Turbulent pattern bases for cellular automata.Physica D 69,1993,pp.279—301。
1701069575
1701069576 [165]“《元胞自动机理论的二十个问题》”:Wolfram, S.,Twenty problems in the theory of cellular automata.Physica Scripta,T9,1985,pp.170—183。
1701069577
1701069578 [166]“植物学家莫特、物理学家皮克和他们的同事长期观察叶子气孔的开合模式”:参见Peak, D.,West, J.D.,Messinger, S.M.,&Mott, K.A.,Evidence for complex, collective dynamics and emergent, distributed computation in plants.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,101(4),2004,pp.918—922。
1701069579
1701069580 [167]“生命系统中的信息处理”:本章部分内容来自Mitchell, M.,Complex systems:Network thinking.Artificial Intelligence,170(18),2006,pp.1194—1212。
1701069581
1701069582 [168]“我们就面临着以下问题”:我的问题涉及对信息处理进行描述的三个层面,这三个层面是由玛尔(David Marr)提出的:Marr, D.Vision.San Francisco, Freeman,1982。[提出类似问题的还有迈克柯蓝洛克(Ron Mc Clamrock);参见Mc Clamrock, R.,Marr’s three levels:A re-evaluation.Minds and Machines,1(2),1991,pp.185—196。]
1701069583
1701069584 [169]“免疫系统”:对免疫系统有两个可读性很强的综述,Sompayrac, L.M.,How the Immune System Works,2nd edition, Blackwell Publishing,1991;以及Hofmeyr, S.A.,An interpretive introduction to the immune system.收录在L.A.Segel&I.R.Cohen(编辑),Design Principlesforthe Immune Systemand Other Distributed Autonomous Systems.New York:Oxford University Press,2001。
1701069585
1701069586 [170]“还有一种可能的机制是B细胞之间对一种有限资源的竞争”:更多细节参见Lesley, R.Xu, Y.,Kalled, S.L.,Hess, D.M.,Schwab, S.R.,Shu, H.-B.,&Cyster, J.G.,Reduced competitiveness of autoantigen-engaged B cells due to increased dependence on BAFF.Immunity,20(4),2004,pp.441—453。
1701069587
1701069588 [171]“大部分蚂蚁种类的食物搜索大致是这样进行的”:关于蚂蚁搜寻食物的更多细节,参见Bonabeau, E.,Dorigo, M.,&Theraulaz, G.,Swarm Intelligence:From Natural to Artificial Systems.New York:Oxford University Press,1999。
1701069589
1701069590 [172]“生态学家戈登曾研究过红色收割蚁的任务分配”:参见,Gordon, D.M.,Task allocation in ant colonies.收录在L.A.Segel&I.R.Cohen(编辑),Design Principles for the Immune System and Other Distributed Autonomous Systems.New York:Oxford University Press.,2001。
1701069591
1701069592 [173]“蚂蚁用身体搭桥和构建庇护所”:例如,参见Lioni, A.,Sauwens, C.,Theraulaz, G.,&Deneubourg, J.—L.,Chain formation inOEcophylla longinoda.Journal of Insect Behavior,14(5),2001,pp.679—696。
1701069593
1701069594 [174]“前面描述的三个系统本质上都利用了随机性和或然性”:对随机性在复杂适应系统中的作用的探讨还可参见Millonas, M.M.,The importance of being noisy.Bulletin of the Santa Fe Institute,Summer,1994。
1701069595
1701069596 [175]“最终蚂蚁会建立通往食物源的路径的详细地图”:Ziff, E.&Rosenfield, I.,Evolving evolution.The New York Review of Books,53,8,2006年5月11日。
1701069597
1701069598 [176]“‘并行级差扫描’”:Hofstadter D.,Fluid Conceptsand Creative Analogies.New York:Basic Books,1995,p.92。
1701069599
1701069600 [177]“在两种探测模式中保持适当的平衡都是关键”:讨论参见Holland, J.H.,Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press,1992(1975年第1版);以及Hofstadter, D.R.&Mitchell, M.,The Copycat project:A model of mental fluidity and analogy-making.收录在K.Holyoak&J.Barnden(编辑),Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, Volume 2:Analogical Connections,1994,pp.31—112。
1701069601
1701069602 [178]“那么是谁或是什么在觉察当前情势的意义”:许多书和文章从哲学立场探讨了这个问题,其中包括:Hofstadter, D.R.,Gödel, Escher, Bach:an Eternal Golden Braid.New York:Basic Books,1979;Dennett, D.R.,Consciousness Explained.Boston:Little, Brown,1991;Bickhard, M.H.,The biological foundations of cognitive science.收录在Mind 4:Proceedingsofthe4th Annual Meetingofthe Cognitive Science Society of Ireland.Dublin, Ireland:J.Benjamins,1999;Floridi, L.,Open problems in the philosophy of information.Metaphilosophy,35(4),2004,pp.554—582;以及Hofstadter, D.,Iam a Strange Loop.New York:Basic Books,2007。
1701069603
1701069604 [179]“人工免疫系统”:参见,Hofmeyr, S.A.&Forrest, S.,Architecture for an artificial immune system.Evolutionary Computation,8(4),2000,pp.443—473。
1701069605
1701069606 [180]“蚁群算法”:参见,Dorigo, M.&Stützle, T.,Ant Colony Optimization,MIT Press,2004。
1701069607
1701069608 [181]这一章部分内容来自Mitchell, M.,Analogy-Making as Perception,MIT Press,1993;以及Mitchell, M.,Analogy-making as a complex adaptive system.收录在L.Segel&I.Cohen(编辑),Design Principles for the Immune System and Other Distributed Autonomous Systems.New York:Oxford University Press,2001。
1701069609
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.70106956e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]