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[193]“每个人都追求自利,使得所有人的利益都受损”:Axelrod, R.,The Evolution of Cooperation.New York:Basic Books,1984,p.7。
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[194]“公地悲剧”:Hardin, G.,The tragedy of the commons.Science,162,1968,pp.1243—1248.
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[195]“合作要如何才能出现?”:Axelrod, R.,The Evolution of Cooperation.New York:Basic Books,1984,p.3。
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[196]“霍布斯……认为合作只有在存在中央权威的情况下才有可能产生”:霍布斯关于集权政府的论述参见Hobbes, T.,Leviathan.1651年首次出版;1991年版由R.Tuck编辑。Cambridge University Press,1991。
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[197]“爱因斯坦也提出了类似的观点”:爱因斯坦关于世界政府等问题的思想参见他的著作集,Einstein, A.,Out of My Later Years.1950年首次出版;2005年修订版,Castle Books。
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[198]“阿克塞尔罗德进行了添加社会规范的囚徒困境实验”:Axelrod, R.,An evolutionary approach to norms.American Political Science Review,80(4),1986,pp.1095—1111。
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[199]“元规范能促进并保持群体中的合作”:Axelrod, R.,An evolutionary approach to norms.American Political Science Review,80(4),1986,pp.1095—1111。
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[200]“诺瓦克同他的博士后导师梅一起进行了计算机仿真”:Nowak, M.A.&May, R.M.,Evolutionary games and spatial chaos.Nature,359(6398),1992,pp.826—829。
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[201]“我们认为,群体中确定的空间结构对合作的进化可能很重要”:Nowak, M.A.&May, R.M.,Evolutionary games and spatial chaos.#Nature#,359(6398),1992,pp.826—829。
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[202]“混沌性变化”:Nowak, M.A.&May, R.M.,Evolutionary games and spatial chaos.#Nature#,359(6398),1992,pp.826—829。
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[203]“地域性有利于合作”:Sigmund, K.,On prisoners and cells,#Nature#,359(6398),1992,p.774。
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[204]“霍兰德曾把这种模型比作‘飞行模拟器’”:Holland, J.H.,Emergence:From Chaos to Order.Perseus Books,1998,p.243。”
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[205]“被用来帮助改进P2P网络”:例如,Hales, D.&Arteconi, S.,SLACER:A Self-Organizing Protocol for Coordination in Peer-to-Peer Networks.IEEE Intelligent Systems,21(2),2006,pp.29—35。
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[206]“在电子商务中防止欺诈”:例如,参见Kollock, P.,The production of trust in online markets.收录在E.J.Lawler, M.Macy, S.Thyne,&H.A.Walker(编辑),Advancesin Group Processes,Vol.16.Greenwich, CT:JAI Press,1999。
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[207]“诺瓦克在题为《合作进化的5条规则》的文章中所做的工作”:Nowak, M.A.,Five rules for the evolution of cooperation.Science,314(5805),2006,pp.1560—1563。
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1701069662
[208]“新能源金融……最近公布了一份报告”:Liebreich, M.,How to Save the Planet:Be Nice, Retaliatory, Forgiving,&Clear.White Paper, New Energy Finance, Ltd.,2007。(http://www.newenergyfinance.com/docs/Press/NEF_WP_Carbon-Game-Theory_05.pdf)
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[209]“对政府制定应对恐怖主义、军备控制和环境治理等问题的政策也有影响”:例如,参见Cupitt, R.T.,Target rogue behavior, not rogue states.The Nonproliferation Review,3,1996,pp.46—54;Cupitt, R.T.&Grillot, S.R.,COCOM is dead, long live COCOM:Persistence and change in multilateral security institutions.British Journalof Political Science27,7,pp.361—389;以及Friedheim, R.L.,Ocean governance at the millennium:Where we have been, where we should go:Cooperation and discord in the world economy.Ocean and Coastal Management,42(9),1999,pp.747—765。
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[210]“生物多样性的维持和细菌制造新抗生素的效率问题”:例如,Nowak, M.A.&Sigmund, K.,Biodiversity:Bacterial game dynamics.Nature,418,2002,pp.138—139;Wiener, P.,Antibiotic production in a spatially structured environment.Ecology Letters,3(2),2000,pp.122—130。
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[211]“所有模型都是错的,但是有一些有用”:Box, G.E.P.&Draper, N.R.,Empirical Model Building and Response Surfaces.New York:Wiley 1997,p.424。
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[212]“可重复性是科学积累的基石”:Axelrod R.,Advancing the art of simulation in the social sciences.收录在Conte, R.,Hegselmann, R.,Terna, P.(编辑),Simulating Social Phenomena.(Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 456).Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1997。
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[213]“胡伯尔曼和格兰斯重复了诺瓦克和梅的空间囚徒困境模型”:Huberman, B.A.&Glance, N.S.,Evolutionary games and computer simulations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,USA,90,1993,pp.7716—7718。
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[214]“穆科吉、拉詹和斯莱格勒也独立得到了类似的结果”:Mukherji, A.,Rajan, V.,&Slagle, J.R.,Robustness of cooperation.Nature,379,1996,pp.125—126。
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[215]“诺瓦克、梅和他们的合作者博恩霍艾弗则回应说”:Nowak, M.A.,Bonhoeffer, S.,&May, R.M.,Spatial games and the maintenance of cooperation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,91,1994,pp.4877—4881;Nowak, M.A.,Bonhoeffer, S.,&May, R.M.,Reply to Mukherji et al.Nature,379,1996,p.126。
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[216]“加兰和利兹奎尔多发表了他们重复阿克塞尔罗德的规范和元规范模型实验的结果”:Galan, J.M.&Izquierdo, L.R.,Appearances can be deceiving:Lessons learned re-implementing Axelrod’s‘Evolutionary Approaches to Norms.’Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation,8(3),2005。(http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/8/3/2.html)
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[217]“建模的艺术就是去除实在中与问题无关的部分”:Anderson, Nobel Prize acceptance speech,1977。
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