打字猴:1.701069721e+09
1701069721
1701069722 [238]“这个规则实际上只适用于”:网页的入度分布基本符合幂律k  -2.3  ,下限kmin=3684[参见Clauset, A.,Shalizi, C.R.,&Newman, M.E.J.,Power-law distributions in empirical data.Preprint,2007(http://arxiv.org/abs/0706.1062)。]为了便于讨论,这一章中将式子简化近似为k  -2  ;k  -2.3  分布的图与这一章给出的图非常相似。
1701069723
1701069724 [239]“神经学家又绘制出了猫、恒河猴等动物甚至人类的一些高级功能脑区的连接结构”:例如,参见Bassett, D.S.&Bullmore, D.,Small-world brain networks.The Neuroscientist,12,2006,pp.512—523;以及Stam, C.J.&Reijneveld, J.C.,Graph theoretical analysis of complex networks in the brain.Nonlinear Biomedical Physics,1(1),2007,p.3。
1701069725
1701069726 [240]“基因调控网络”:对于网络思想应用于基因调控的更多细节,参见Barabási, A.-L.&Oltvai, Z.N.,Network biology:Understanding the cell’s functional organization.Nature Reviews:Genetics,5,2004,pp.101—113。
1701069727
1701069728 [241]“巴拉巴西和他的同事仔细研究了43种生物的代谢网络结构”:Jeong, H.,Tombor, B.,Albert, R.,Oltvai, Z.N.,&Barabási, A.-L.,The large scale organization of metabolic networks.Nature,407,2000,pp.651—654。其他研究代谢网络结构的例子包括Fell, D.A.&Wagner, A.,The small world of metabolism.Nature Biotechnology,18,2000,pp.1121—1122;以及Burgard, A.P.,Nikolaev, E.V.,Schilling, C.H.,&Maranas, C.D.,Flux coupling analysis of genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions.Genome Research,14,2004,pp.301—312。
1701069729
1701069730 [242]“虽然后来的研究否认了杜格斯是北美的传染源”:参见,例如,Robbins, K.E.,Lemey, P.,Pybus, O.G.,Jaffe, H.W.,Youngpairoj, A.S.,Brown, T.M.,Salemi, M.,Vandamme, A.M.,&Kalish, M.L.,U.S.human immunodeficiency virus type 1 epidemic:Date of origin, population history, and characterization of early strains.Journalof Virology,77(11),2003,pp.6359—6366。2.“最近,一个由社会学家和物理学家组成的团队分析了瑞典性行为调查数据”:Liljeros, F.,Edling, C.R.,Nunes Amaral, L.A.,Stanely, H.E.,&Aberg, Y.,The web of human sexual contacts.Nature,441,2001,pp.907—908。
1701069731
1701069732 [243]“其他对性关系网络的研究也得出了类似结论”:例如,Schneeberger, A.,Mercer, C.H.,Gregson, S.A.,Ferguson, N.M.,Nyamukapa, C.A.,Anderson, R.M.,Johnson, A.M.,&Garnett, G.P.,Scale-free networks and sexually transmitted diseases:A description of observed patterns of sexual contacts in Britain and Zimbabwe.Sexually Transmitted Diseases,31(6),2004,pp.380—387。
1701069733
1701069734 [244]“另一个网络科学家团体提出了一个巧妙而简单的方法”:Cohen, R.,ben-Avraham, D.,&Havlin, S.,Efficient immunization strategies for computer networks and populations.Physics Review Letters,91(24),2003,p.247—901。
1701069735
1701069736 [245]“杀毒应当重点针对邮件通信录很长的用户的计算机”:Newman, M.E.J.,Forrest, S.,&Balthrop, J.,Email networks and the spread of computer viruses.Physical Review E,66,2002,p.035—101。
1701069737
1701069738 [246]“生物学界最近对这个问题有很多争议”:参见,例如,Montoya, J.M.&Solé,R.V.,Small world patterns in food webs.Journalof Theoretical Biology,214(3),2002,pp.405—412;Dunne, J.A.,Williams, R.J.,&Martinez, N.D.,Food-web structure and network theory:The role of connectance and size.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,USA,99(20),2002,pp.12917—12922;以及Dunne, J.A.,The network structure of food webs.收录在M.Pascual&J.A.Dunne(编辑),Ecological Networks:Linking Structure to Dynamics in Food Webs.New York:Oxford University Press,2006,pp.27—86。
1701069739
1701069740 [247]“无尺度网络是如何产生的”:这一节部分来自Mitchell, M.,Complex systems:Network thinking.Artificial Intelligence,170(18),2006,pp.1194—1212。
1701069741
1701069742 [248]“巴拉巴西和艾伯特提出了一种网络生长机制”:Barabási, A.—L.&Albert, R.,Emergence of scaling in random networks, Science,286,1999,pp.509—512。
1701069743
1701069744 [249]“这种机制以及所产生的幂律在之前至少被独立发现过三次”:Yule, G.U.,A mathematical theory of evolution, based on the conclusions of Dr.J.C.Willis.Philosophical Transactionsofthe Royal Society of London,Ser.B 213,1924,pp.21—87;Simon, H.A.,On a class of skew distribution functions.Biometrika,42(3—4),1955,p.425;以及Price, D.J.,Networks of scientific papers.Science,149,1965,pp.510—515。
1701069745
1701069746 [250]“科技文献引用网络的增长”:例如,参见Redner, S.,How popular is your paper?An empirical study of the citation distribution.European Physical Journal B,4(2),1998,pp.131—134。2.“作家格拉德威尔所说的引爆点”:Gladwell, M.,The Tipping Point:How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference.Boston:Little, Brown,2000。
1701069747
1701069748 [251]“用这种方法确定为‘无尺度’的一些网络后来又被发现其实不是无尺度分布”:Clauset, A.,Shalizi, C.R.,&Newman, M.E.J.,Power-law distributions in empirical data.Preprint,2007(http://arxiv.org/abs/0706.1062)。
1701069749
1701069750 [252]“现在幂律的普遍性可能被高估了”:Keller, E.F.,Revisiting‘scale-free’networks.Bio Essays,27,2005,pp.1060—1068。
1701069751
1701069752 [253]“我们对幂律的迷恋是一种耻辱”:Shalizi, C.,Networks and Netwars,2005。论文位于http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/weblog/347.html。
1701069753
1701069754 [254]“产生幂律的方法有许多,每种都有道理”:Shalizi, C.,Power Law Distributions,1/f noise, Long-Memory Time Series,2007。论文位于http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/notebooks/power-laws.html。
1701069755
1701069756 [255]“几乎每隔一天都有讲座介绍产生幂律分布的新机制”:对这些机制的综述,参见Mitzenmacher, M.,A brief history of generative models for power law and lognormal distributions.Internet Mathematics,1(2),2003,pp.226—251;以及Newman, M.E.J.,Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf’s law.Contemporary Physics,46,2005,pp.323—351。
1701069757
1701069758 [256]“据报道,由于天气过于炎热”:这次的连锁失效及其原因的详细报道参见U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force’s Final Report on the August 14,2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada:Causes and Recommendations(https://reports.energy.Gov/)。
1701069759
1701069760 [257]“美国海关计算机系统崩溃了近10个小时”:参见Schlossberg, D.“LAX Computer Crash Strands International Passengers.”Consumer Affairs.com,2007年8月13日(http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news 04/2007/08/lax_computers.html);以及Schwartz, J.,“Who Needs Hackers?”New York Times,2007年9月12日。
1701069761
1701069762 [258]“美国长期资本管理公司”:参见,例如,Government Accounting Office,Long-Term Capital Management:Regulators Need to Focus Greater Attention on Systemic Risk.Report to Congressional Request,1999(http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GGD-00-3);以及Coy, P.,Woolley, S.,Spiro, L.N.,&Glasgall, W.,Failed wizards of Wall Street.Business Week,1998年9月21日。
1701069763
1701069764 [259]“威胁来自复杂性本身”:安东诺普洛斯,引自Schwartz, J.,“Who Needs Hackers?”New York Times,2007年9月12日。
1701069765
1701069766 [260]“自组织临界性”:对SOC的介绍,参见Bak, P.,How Nature Works:The Science of Self-Organized Criticality.New York:Springer,1996。
1701069767
1701069768 [261]“高容错性”:对HOT的介绍,参见Carlson, J.M.&Doyle, J.,Complexity and robustness.Proceedingsofthe National Academyof Science,USA99,2002,pp.2538—2545。
1701069769
1701069770 [262]“对于网络的动力学之谜”:Watts, D.J.,Six Degrees:The Science of a Connected Age.New York:W.W.Norton,2003,p.161。
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