打字猴:1.70112164e+09
1701121640
1701121641 [6] Brown,Power and Persuasion ,41-61;Lendon,Empire of Honour ,15.
1701121642
1701121643 [7] Freu,Les figures du pauvre ,19. 中世纪对社会“等级”的描绘也是一样的。O. Brunner,Land and Lordship:Structures of Governance in Medieval Austria ,trans.H. Kaminsky and J. van Horn Melton (Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1992),329-33。
1701121644
1701121645 [8] Rilinger,Humiliores-Honestiores ,278 正确地坚持认为,这些纵向的联系要比更广义的横向的区分[例如在有功名的人(honestiores)和没有功名的人(humiliores)之间的区分]更有力量。
1701121646
1701121647 [9] M. Lüthi,The European Folktale:Form and Nature ,trans. J. D. Niles (Bloomington:University of Indiana Press,1982),56-58.
1701121648
1701121649 [10] Libanius,Oratio 7.12.
1701121650
1701121651 [11] C. Ando,Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (Berkeley:University of California Press,2000),26.
1701121652
1701121653 [12] M. Salzman,On Roman Time:The Codex-Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity (Berkeley:University of California Press,1990),figure 13.
1701121654
1701121655 [13] R.Osborne,“Introduction:Roman Poverty in Context,” in Poverty in the Roman World ,1-20 at p. 13;E. Gabba,Del buon uso della ricchezza:Saggi di storia economica e sociale delmondo antico (Milan:Guerini,1988),19-26.
1701121656
1701121657 [14] Ammianus Marcellinus,Res gestae 31.5.14,Rolfe,3:416,Hamilton,p. 420.
1701121658
1701121659 [15] Barnes,Ammianus Marcellinus ,175-80.
1701121660
1701121661 [16] Lendon,Empire of Honour . 一项很有启示性的比较研究,参见M. E. Lewis,“Gift Circulation and Charity in the Han and Roman Empires,” in Rome and China:Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires ,ed. Walter Scheidel (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009),121-36。
1701121662
1701121663 [17] R.Duncan-Jones,“The Finances of the Younger Pliny,” Papers of the British School at Rome 33 (1965):177-88;S. Mratschek,Divites et praepotentes:Reichtum und soziale Stellung inder Literatur der Prinzipatszeit ,Historia Einzelschriften 70 (Stuttgart:F. Steiner,1993).
1701121664
1701121665 [18] Zosimus,Historia nova 2.38.1,ed. L. Mendelssohn,Zosimi comitis et exadvocati fisci Historia nova (Leipzig:Teubner,1887),96,trans. R.T. Ridley,Zosimus:New History (Canberra:American Association of Byzantine Studies,1982),40;Anonymus de rebus bellicis 2.1.
1701121666
1701121667 [19] Ammianus Marcellinus,Res gestae 27.11.2,Rolfe,3:74,Hamilton,p. 345.
1701121668
1701121669 [20] Claudian,On the Consuls Probinus and Olybrius 42-47,ed. and trans. M. Platnauer,in Claudian ,Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1956),1:4-6.
1701121670
1701121671 [21] E. Bickerman,Four Strange Books of the Bible (New York:Schocken,1967),163.
1701121672
1701121673 [22] P.Veyne,Le pain et le cirque:Sociologie historique d’un pluralisme politique (Paris:Le Seuil,1976),45,trans. B. Pierce,Bread and Circuses:Historical Sociology and Political Pluralism (London:Allen Lane Penguin,1990),20.
1701121674
1701121675 [23] G. Arena,“Il ‘potere di guarire’:L’attività medica fra politica e cultura nella tarda antichità,” in Poveri ammalati e ammalati poveri:Dinamiche socio-economiche,trasformazioni culturali e misure assistenziali nell’Occidente romano in età tardoantica ,ed. R. Marino,C. Molè,and A. Pinzone (Catania:Edizioni del Prisma,2006),387-424 at p. 422;J. Kabiersch,Untersuchungenzum Begriff der Philanthropia bei dem Kaiser Julian ,Klassisch-Philosophische Studien 21 (Wiesbaden:Harassowitz,1960).
1701121676
1701121677 [24] A. Parkin,“‘You do him no service’:An Exploration of Pagan Almsgiving,” in Poverty in the Roman World ,60-82 at p. 65.
1701121678
1701121679 [25] A. Parkin,“‘You do him no service’:An Exploration of Pagan Almsgiving,” in Poverty in the Roman World ,60-82 at p. 68;Libanius,Oration 2.30,30.20。
1701121680
1701121681 [26] Veyne,“Existait-il une classe moyenne en ces temps lointains?” in L’empire gréco-romaine ,117-62 at pp. 142-48.
1701121682
1701121683 [27] Veyne,Le pain et le cirque ,16,164n2,English trans.,p. 6.
1701121684
1701121685 [28] G. Woolf,“Writing Poverty in Rome,” in Poverty in the Roman World ,83-99 at pp. 84-85.
1701121686
1701121687 [29] Parkin,“‘You do him no service’,” 69-70.
1701121688
1701121689 [30] M. Albana,“Archiatri…honeste obsequi tenuioribus malint quam turpiter servire divitibus (CTH 13,3,8),” in Poveri ammalati e ammalati poveri ,253-79 at pp. 264-66.
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