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[17] R.Duncan-Jones,“The Finances of the Younger Pliny,” Papers of the British School at Rome 33 (1965):177-88;S. Mratschek,Divites et praepotentes:Reichtum und soziale Stellung inder Literatur der Prinzipatszeit ,Historia Einzelschriften 70 (Stuttgart:F. Steiner,1993).
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[18] Zosimus,Historia nova 2.38.1,ed. L. Mendelssohn,Zosimi comitis et exadvocati fisci Historia nova (Leipzig:Teubner,1887),96,trans. R.T. Ridley,Zosimus:New History (Canberra:American Association of Byzantine Studies,1982),40;Anonymus de rebus bellicis 2.1.
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[19] Ammianus Marcellinus,Res gestae 27.11.2,Rolfe,3:74,Hamilton,p. 345.
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[20] Claudian,On the Consuls Probinus and Olybrius 42-47,ed. and trans. M. Platnauer,in Claudian ,Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1956),1:4-6.
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[21] E. Bickerman,Four Strange Books of the Bible (New York:Schocken,1967),163.
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[22] P.Veyne,Le pain et le cirque:Sociologie historique d’un pluralisme politique (Paris:Le Seuil,1976),45,trans. B. Pierce,Bread and Circuses:Historical Sociology and Political Pluralism (London:Allen Lane Penguin,1990),20.
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[23] G. Arena,“Il ‘potere di guarire’:L’attività medica fra politica e cultura nella tarda antichità,” in Poveri ammalati e ammalati poveri:Dinamiche socio-economiche,trasformazioni culturali e misure assistenziali nell’Occidente romano in età tardoantica ,ed. R. Marino,C. Molè,and A. Pinzone (Catania:Edizioni del Prisma,2006),387-424 at p. 422;J. Kabiersch,Untersuchungenzum Begriff der Philanthropia bei dem Kaiser Julian ,Klassisch-Philosophische Studien 21 (Wiesbaden:Harassowitz,1960).
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[24] A. Parkin,“‘You do him no service’:An Exploration of Pagan Almsgiving,” in Poverty in the Roman World ,60-82 at p. 65.
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[25] A. Parkin,“‘You do him no service’:An Exploration of Pagan Almsgiving,” in Poverty in the Roman World ,60-82 at p. 68;Libanius,Oration 2.30,30.20。
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[26] Veyne,“Existait-il une classe moyenne en ces temps lointains?” in L’empire gréco-romaine ,117-62 at pp. 142-48.
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[27] Veyne,Le pain et le cirque ,16,164n2,English trans.,p. 6.
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[28] G. Woolf,“Writing Poverty in Rome,” in Poverty in the Roman World ,83-99 at pp. 84-85.
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[29] Parkin,“‘You do him no service’,” 69-70.
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[30] M. Albana,“Archiatri…honeste obsequi tenuioribus malint quam turpiter servire divitibus (CTH 13,3,8),” in Poveri ammalati e ammalati poveri ,253-79 at pp. 264-66.
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[31] Libanius,Oration 46.21.
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[32] L. Robert and J. Robert,“Bulletin épigraphique,” Revue des études grecques 97 (1984):419-522,no. 468 at p. 500.
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[33] G.H.R. Horsley,New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity (Sydney,NSW:Ancient History Documentary Research Centre,1982),2:55-56.
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[34]The Story of Apollonius King of Tyre 12.9,trans. G. N. Sandy,in Collected Ancient Greek Novels ,ed. B.P. Reardon (Berkeley:University of California Press,1989),744.
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[35] W. Robins,“Romance and Renunciation at the Turn of the Fifth Century,” Journal of Early Christian Studies 8 (2000):531-57 at pp. 548-54.
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[36] B. Shaw,“‘A Wolf by the Ears’:M. I. Finley’s Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology in Historical Context,” introduction to M. I. Finley,Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology (Princeton:M.Wiener,1998),3-74 at pp. 43-49.
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[37] E.M. Shtaerman and M.K. Trofimova,La schiavitú nell’Italia imperiale:I-III secolo (Rome:Riuniti,1975),199.
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[38] Porphyry,Letter to Marcella 35,ed. A. Nauck,Porphyrii philosophi Platonici opuscula selecta (Leipzig:Teubner,1886),296.
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[39] S.Knoch,Sklavenfürsorge im Römischen Reich:Formen und Motive ,Sklaverei—Knechtschaft—Zwangsarbeit 2 (Hildesheim:G.Olms,2005),240-50. 新的研究参见Y. Rivière,“Une cruautédigne des féroces barbares?À propos du De emendatione servorum (c.Th.IX.12),” in Le Code Théodosien:DiversitÉ des approches et nouvelles perspectives ,edited by Sylvie Crogiel-Pétrequin and Pierre Jaillette,Collection de l’École française de Rome 412 (Rome:École française de Rome,2009),171-208。
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[40] Council of Elvira,canon 5,in Acta et symbola conciliorum quae quarto saecula habita sunt ,6.
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[41]Recueil des inscriptions chrétiennes de la Gaule ,vol. 15,Viennoise du Nord ,ed. F. Descombes (Paris:CNRS,1985),197-98,特别参见7世纪早期来自布里奥尔(Briord)的群体:nos. 263-69,pp. 676-99。
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