打字猴:1.7012847e+09
1701284700
1701284701
1701284702
1701284703 插图10.16 独裁政权经常组织群众集会,希望人们宣誓效忠。比如1940年在纽伦堡举行的纳粹党代会,希望通过统一安排的宣誓效忠对持不同政见者施加影响。
1701284704
1701284705 孤身斗士和少数派是社会僵化的遏制者。查兰·奈米斯认为,孤身斗士和少数派在探索问题的解决方案过程中,始终起着重要作用。(Nemeth,1986)他们不是一贯正确,甚至犯过错误。但是,正因为他们始终保持独立,坚定地维护自己的观点,所以能够引发他人再次思考他们的出发点,从各种不同的视角审视问题,考虑解决问题的各种可能性。因此,能够容忍少数派、让他们有机会发言的民主政体,就拥有最好的条件来解决人类所面临的所有问题,无论是现在还是将来!
1701284706
1701284707 法国医生古斯塔夫·勒庞在研究了法国大革命中的“群众”后得出如下结论:“仅仅因为是群众的一员这一事实,人们就从文化的阶梯上倒退了很多级。作为个人,他可能是一个有教养的个体,而在群众中他是冲动的人,野蛮人。”(Le Bon,1895)勒庞的根本错误在于仓促地作出总结,因而他忽视了这样一点:很可能也存在这样的条件,在这些条件下,人们正因为个人在多数派面前的表现而能够取得重大成就。
1701284708
1701284709
1701284710
1701284711
1701284712 心理学入门 [:1701278590]
1701284713 心理学入门 参考书目
1701284714
1701284715 A
1701284716
1701284717 ABDUL-RAHIM, H. F., HOLMBOE, O. G., STENE, L. C., HUSSEINI, A., GIACAMAN, R., JERVELL, J. & BJERTNESS, E. (2003) Obesity in a rural and an urban Palestinian West Bank population. International Journal of Obesity, 27, S. 140-146 [368].
1701284718
1701284719 ABRAMS, R. D. & FINESINGER, J. E. (1953) Guilt reactions in patients with cancer. Cancer, 6, S. 474-482 [474].
1701284720
1701284721 ABRAMSON, L. Y., SELIGMAN, M. E. & TEASDALE, J. D. (1978) Learned helplessness in humans. Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, S. 49-74 [247].
1701284722
1701284723 ADAMS, C. & LABOUVIE-VIEF, G. (1986) Modes of knowing and language processing. Symposium on developmental dimensions of adult adaptation. Perspectives on mind, self, and emotion. Presented at 1986 Meeting of the Gerontological Association of America. Chicago, November 20 [113].
1701284724
1701284725 ADER, R. (1993) Conditioned responses. In: MOYERS, B. & FLOWERS, B. S. (Eds.) Healing and the mind. New York: Doubleday. Dt. (1996) Konditionierte Reflexe. In: Die Kunst des Heilens. Vom Einfluβ der Psyche auf die Gesundheit. München: Goldmann, S. 225-233 [226].
1701284726
1701284727 ADER, R. (2003) Conditioned immunomodulation. Research needs and directions. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 17 (Suppl. 1), S. S51-S57 [227].
1701284728
1701284729 ADER, R. & COHEN, N. (1982) Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression and murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Science, 215 (4539), S. 1534-1536 [227].
1701284730
1701284731 ADER, R. & COHEN, N. (1993) Psychoneuroimmunology: Conditioning and stress. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, S. 53-85 [226].
1701284732
1701284733 ADLER, J. & HALL, C. (1995) Surgery at 33000 feet. Newsweek (June 5), S. 36 [323 f., 327, 329]
1701284734
1701284735 AINSWORTH, M. D. S. & WITTIG. B. A. (1969) Attachment and exploratory behavior on one year olds in a strange situation. In: Foss, B. M. (Ed.) Determinants of infant behavior. Vol. 4. London: Methuen, S. 111-136 [77].
1701284736
1701284737 AKIMOTO, S. A. & SANBONMATSU, D. M. (1999) Differences in self-effacing behavior between European and Japanese Americans. Effect on competence evaluations. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 30, S. 159-177 [394].
1701284738
1701284739 ALCOCK, J. E. (1990) Science and supernature. A critical appraisal of parapsychology. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus [167].
1701284740
1701284741 ALLEN, V. L. & LEVINE, J. M. (1971) Social support and conformity. The role of independent assessment of reality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7, S. 48-58 [501].
1701284742
1701284743 ALLMAN, W. F. (1994) The stone age present. How evolution has shaped modern life-from sex, violence, and language to emotions, morals, and communities. New York: Simon & Schuster. Dt. (1996) Mammutjäger in der Metro. Wie das Erbe der Evolution unser Denken und Verhalten prägt. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag [316].
1701284744
1701284745 ALLOY, L. B., PETERSON, C., ABRAMSON, L. Y. & SELIGMAN, M. E. (1984) Attributional style and the generality of learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, S. 681-687 [248].
1701284746
1701284747 ALLPORT, G. W. (1954) The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Dt (1971) Die Natur des Vorurteils. Köln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch [479].
1701284748
1701284749 ALLPORT, G. W. (1961) Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Dt. (1970) Gestalt und Wachstum in der Persönlichkeit. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain [214].
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.7012847e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]