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插图10.16 独裁政权经常组织群众集会，希望人们宣誓效忠。比如1940年在纽伦堡举行的纳粹党代会，希望通过统一安排的宣誓效忠对持不同政见者施加影响。
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孤身斗士和少数派是社会僵化的遏制者。查兰·奈米斯认为，孤身斗士和少数派在探索问题的解决方案过程中，始终起着重要作用。（Nemeth，1986）他们不是一贯正确，甚至犯过错误。但是，正因为他们始终保持独立，坚定地维护自己的观点，所以能够引发他人再次思考他们的出发点，从各种不同的视角审视问题，考虑解决问题的各种可能性。因此，能够容忍少数派、让他们有机会发言的民主政体，就拥有最好的条件来解决人类所面临的所有问题，无论是现在还是将来！
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法国医生古斯塔夫·勒庞在研究了法国大革命中的“群众”后得出如下结论：“仅仅因为是群众的一员这一事实，人们就从文化的阶梯上倒退了很多级。作为个人，他可能是一个有教养的个体，而在群众中他是冲动的人，野蛮人。”（Le Bon，1895）勒庞的根本错误在于仓促地作出总结，因而他忽视了这样一点：很可能也存在这样的条件，在这些条件下，人们正因为个人在多数派面前的表现而能够取得重大成就。
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心理学入门 [:1701278590]
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心理学入门 参考书目
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