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(24) Levy, Tahitians .
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(25) George W. Stocking, Jr, Victorian Anthropology (New York: Free Press, 1987), 67.关于人类学的历史,又见Henrika Kuklick (ed.), A New History of Anthropology (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008)。
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(26) Stocking, Victorian Anthropology , 48—51; Fredrik Barth, Andre Gingrich, Robert Parkin, and Sydel Silverman, One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American Anthropology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 4 (ab uno sanguine ).
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(27) Margrit Pernau, “An ihren Gefühlen sollt Ihr sie erkennen: Eine Verflechtungsgeschichte des britischen Zivilitätsdiskurses (ca. 1750—1860)”, Geschichte und Gesellschaft , 35/2 (2009), 249—281, here 250.
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(28) Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals , with an introduction, afterword,and commentaries by Paul Ekman (3rd edn., New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 356.
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(29) Barth et al., One Discipline, Four Ways , 84.关于巴斯蒂安,尤其参见Klaus Peter Köpping,Adolf Bastian and the Psychic Unity of Mankind: The Foundations of Anthropology in Nineteenth Century Germany (Münster: Lit, 2005)。
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(30) Émile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life , trans. Carol Cosman (Oxford
:Oxford University Press, 2001) [Fr. orig., Forms élémentaires de la vie religieuse , 1912], 295—296.(中译见[法]涂尔干:《宗教生活的基本形式》,渠东、汲喆译,北京:商务印书馆,2011年,第547页。)这段话被人类学家反复引用,通常是为了超越仪式,考虑仪式对“真实”感觉的相互影响。见Bruce Kapferer, “Emotion and Feeling in Sinhalese Healing Rites”, Social Analysis , 1/1 (1979), 153—176, here 153。“与涂尔干不同的是,我认为当个人或团体通过仪式的文化媒介来表达愤怒、恐惧、爱、悲伤、憎恨和快乐时,他们通常会真正感受到他们所表达的东西。”关于涂尔干和情感,见Helena Flam,Soziologie der Emotionen: Eine Einführung (Konstanz: UTB, 2002), 61—89。
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(31) Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1959).
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(32) “然而,可能会有人提出异议:即使根据这一假设,宗教也还是某种谵狂的对象。在集体的欢腾之后,人们相信自己已经从眼前的世界被带入了一个截然不同的世界—— 对于这种状态,除了谵狂,我们还能有什么别的说法吗?”参见Durkheim,Elementary Forms of Religious Life , 171。又见Barth et al., One Discipline, Four Ways , 175, 184。(中译见[法]涂尔干:《宗教生活的基本形式》,渠东、汲喆译,第308—309页。“异议”,原译文为“疑议”。—— 译者注)
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(33) 总结见Durkheim, Elementary Forms of Religious Life , 318。
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(34) Claude Lévi-Strauss, Totemism (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969), 140.(中译见[法]列维-斯特劳斯:《图腾制度》,渠敬东译,北京:商务印书馆,2012年,第83页。)
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(35) Durkheim, Elementary Forms of Religious Life , 176—177.
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(36) Lévi-Strauss, Totemism , 142;原文强调。(中译见[法]列维-斯特劳斯:《图腾制度》,渠敬东译,第86页。)
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(37) 见欧文· 林奇,“列维-斯特劳斯也许是在无意中注意到了西方文化中的另一种情感理论,认知理论,其根源可以追溯到亚里士多德的《修辞学》。认知理论是一种将精神活动的某些方面—— 信仰、思想或判断—— 作为情感的基本要素,并特别用来识别不同情感的理论”。参见Owen M. Lynch, “The Social Construction of Emotion in India”, in Lynch (ed.), Divine Passions , 3—34, here 7—8。
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(38) 凯瑟琳· 卢茨从列维-斯特劳斯的相关段落中引用如下:20世纪的理论心理学特别强调情感和身体之间的这种联系。以汤姆金斯的定义为例,他的情感观是当代最具影响力的心理学理论之一:“情感是一套肌肉和腺体反应,不仅位于脸上,也广泛分布于整个身体,会生成‘可接受’或‘不可接受’的感官反馈。”列维-斯特劳斯也利用了这种文化联系,他写道:“或者是体力的结果 ,或者是精神潜能的结果 。”见Catherine A. Lutz, Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesian Atoll &Their Challenge to Western Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 66,原文强调。
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(39) 在这里,我们忽略了一个事实,那就是马林诺夫斯基的日记已经成为利用后结构主义思想的人类学家广泛批判和反思的对象。例如James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), ch. 3。
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(40) Bronislaw Malinowski, A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989), 4, 5, 7, 30—31.(中译见[美]马林诺夫斯基:《一本严格意义上的日记》,卞思梅、何源远、余昕译,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2015年,第24、28、57页。)
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(41) William H. Rivers Rivers, The Todas (London: Macmillan, 1906);又见W. H. R. Rivers, “Psychiatry and the War”, Science , 49/1268 (18 April 1919), 367—369; William Halse R. Rivers, Instinct and the Unconscious: A Contribution to a Biological Theory of the Pseudo-Neuroses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920)。关于《重生三部曲》,见Pat Barker: Regeneration (London: Viking, 1991); The Eye in the Door (London: Viking, 1993); The Ghost Road (London: Viking, 1995)。
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(42) A. R. Brown [=Alfred Radcliffe-Brown], The Andaman Islanders: A Study in Social Anthropology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), 233—234.
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(43) Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture (Boston
:Houghton Mifflin, 1946). Eric Robertson Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1951)是受本尼迪克特影响的作品之一,见Ruth Leys, From Guilt to Shame: Auschwitz and After (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), ch. 4, esp. 123; Barth et al.,One Discipline, Four Ways , 296。
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(44) Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword , 113.
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(45) Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword , ch. 9.
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(46) 1936—1950年间,米德与英国人类学家格雷戈里· 贝特森(Gregory Bateson,1904—1980)是夫妻。他们是几对人类学夫妻中的一对。贝特森后来开始研究控制论,他把民族精神理解为“一种由文化加以组织的情感系统”,见Catherine A. Lutz and Geoffrey M. White, “The Anthropology of Emotions”, Annual Review of Anthropology , 15 (1986), 405—436, here 412。又见Gregory Bateson, Naven: The Culture of the Iatmul People of New Guinea Tribe as Revealed Through a Study of the “Naven” Ceremonial (2nd edn., Stanford, CA: Standford University Press, 1958)。
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(47) 关于米德,参见Nancy C. Lutkehaus, Margaret Mead: The Making of an American Icon (Princeton
:Princeton University Press, 2008)。
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(48) Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation (New York: Morrow, 1928), 127.(中译见[美]米德:《萨摩亚人的成年》,周晓虹、李姚军、刘婧译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第127页。)
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