1701503073 (298) Jacob Weisberg, The Bush Tragedy (New York: Random House, 2008). “Compassionate conservatism” is outlined, for example, in Marvin Olasky, Compassionate Conservatism: What it is,What it Does, and How it Can Transform America (New York: Free Press, 2000); Arthur C. Brooks,Who Really Cares: The Surprising Truth About Compassionate Conservatism (New York: Basic Books, 2006).

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1701503075 (299) 这似乎是合适的，见Patricia T. Clough, “The Affective Turn: Political Economy, Biomedia and Bodies”, Theory, Culture & Society , 25/1 (2008), 1—22, esp. 15—17。

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1701503077 (300) 自然科学的认识论（特别是证伪问题）本身就是一个研究领域。在此我们只提一点，科学哲学家伊姆雷· 拉卡托斯（Imre Lakatos）对卡尔· 波普尔（Karl Popper）的证伪主义的修正如下（在托马斯· 库恩［Thomas Kuhn］那里为他辩护）：一般来说，只有特定的陈述和预测被证伪，全盘否定整个研究方案非常罕见。见Imre Lakatos,The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 8—101; Imre Lakatos, Proofs and Refutations: the Logic of Mathematical Discovery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976)。关于这场争论，见Gunnar Andersson,Kritik und Wissenschaftsgeschichte: Kuhns, Lakatos’ und Feyerabends Kritik des Kritischen Rationalismus (Tübingen: Mohr, 1988)。一篇总结社会科学和神经科学在认识论上的异同的有用的文章，见John Cromby, “Integrating Social Science with Neuroscience: Potentials and Problems”,BioSocieties , 2/2 (2007), 149—169。

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1701503079 (301) 钟形曲线是人类群体中智商分布符合钟形的正态曲线，是赫恩斯坦（Herrnstein）和默里（Murray）的著作的书名，书中声称美国黑人的平均智力水平低于美国白人。Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: Free Press, 1994)。

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1701503081 (302) Jan Plamper, “The History of Emotions: An Interview with William Reddy, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Peter Sterns by Jan Plamper”, History and Theory , 49/2 (2010), 237—265,here 248.

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1701503083 (303) 虽然在神经科学领域流行的英语文本几乎总是很快被翻译成德语，但几乎没有类似的德语著作被翻译成英语。见Gerhard Roth, Fühlen, Denken, Handeln: Wie das Gehirnunser Verhaltensteuert (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2001); Gerhard Roth, Aus Sicht des Gehirns (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2003); Gerhard Roth, Persönlichkeit, Entscheidung und Verhalten:Warum es so schwierig ist, sich und andere zu ändern (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 2007); Michael Pauen and Gerhard Roth, Freiheit, Schuld und Verantwortung: Grundzüge einer naturalistischen Theorie der Willensfreiheit (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2008); Wolf Singer, Der Beobachter im Gehirn: Essays zur Hirnforschung (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2002); Wolf Singer, Ein neues Menschenbild? Gespräche über Hirnforschung (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2003); Wolf Singer,Vom Gehirn zum Bewußtsein (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2006); Hans J. Markowitsch and Werner Siefer, Tatort Gehirn: Auf der Suchenach dem Ursprung des Verbrechens (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2007); Hans J. Markowitsch, Das Gedächtnis: Entwicklung, Funktionen, Störungen (Munich: Beck, 2009); Manfred Spitzer, Nervensachen: Geschichten vom Gehirn (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2005); Manfred Spitzer, Dopamin & Käsekuchen: Hirnforschung à la carte (Stuttgart: Schattauer, 2011); Manfred Spitzer, Nichtstun, Flirten, Küssen und andereLeistungen des Gehirns (Stuttgart: Schattauer, 2012); Manfred Spitzer, Digitale Demenz: Wie wir uns und unsere Kinder um den Verstand bringen (Munich: Droemer, 2012)。例外的是Hans J. Markowitsch and Harald Welzer, The Development of Autobiographical Memory , trans. David Emmans (Hove:Psychology Press, 2010) [Ger. orig., Das autobiographische Gedächtnis: Hirnorganische Grundlagen und biosoziale Entwicklung , 2005]; Birgitt Röttger-Rössler and Hans J. Markowitsch (eds.),Emotions as Bio-Cultural Processes (New York: Springer, 2009)。一本是在德语原版出版五年后出版的，另一本是一个以英语为母语的研究小组的论文合集。

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1701503085 (304) Thomas Metzinger cited in Schnabel, “Wie Agenten, Verleger und Autoren mit populärer Welterklärung Gewinn machen”, 43.

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1701503087 (305) Jean Delumeau, La Peur en Occident (ⅩⅥe—ⅩⅤⅢe siècles): Une cité assiégée (Paris: Fayard, 1978), 13．又见斯特恩斯夫妇，他们将20世纪80年代初期生命科学对情感的认识总结为“腺体或激素反应”；见Peter N. Stearns and Carol Z. Stearns,“ Emotionology:Clarifying the History of Emotions and Emotional Standards”, American Historical Review , 90/4 (1985), 813—836, here 834。

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1701503089 (306) 借自柏林马克斯· 普朗克科学史研究所的网站：; 也见Choudhury and Slaby, Critical Neuroscience ; William R. Uttal, Mind and Brain: A Critical Appraisal of Cognitive Neuroscience (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011)，探讨情感的第4章。又见批评的博客：Michael Anderson, “After Phrenology: Will we Ever Understand the Brain”,Psychology Today ; Luiz Pessoa,“Emotion & Cognition and the Brain”, ; Michelle Greene, NeurRealism ); The Neurocritic: Deconstructing the Most Sensationalistic Recent Findings in Human Brain Imaging, Cognitive Neuroscience, and Psychopharmacology ; “Neuroskeptic”, Discover ; all accessed 16 March 2014。

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1701503091 (307) Ekman and Davidson (eds.), Nature of Emotion ; Richard J. Davidson, “Seven Sins in the Study of Emotion: Correctives from Affective Neuroscience”, Brain and Cognition , 52/1(2003), 129—132; JustinS. Feinstein, Ralph Adolphs, Antonio Damasio, and Daniel Tranel,“The Human Amygdala and the Induction and Experience of Fear”, Current Biology , 21/1(2011), 34—38; Pessoa and Adolphs, “Emotion Processing and the Amygdala” .

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1701503093 (308) “They Found God and Other Spiritual Phenomena in the Temporal Lobe”, Personality Cafe accessed 16 March 2014; 见Martin Haidinger,“Die Amygdala regelt im Gehirn das Sozialleben”, in Wissen aktuell (OE1 on ORF, 27 December 2010, 1.55 p.m.) [broadcast]。

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1701503095 (309) 这种趋势的典型代表是路易斯· 佩索阿的元分析，“Emergent Processes in Cognitive-Emotional Interactions”, Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience , 12/4 (2010), 433—448，及Dalgleish, Dunn,and Mobbs, “Affective Neuroscience”, 363。“对情感神经科学发展的历史分析表明，涉及情感和情绪处理的大脑区域比最初设想的要多得多。”

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1701503097 (310) Gordon L. Shulman et al., “Common Blood Flow Changes across Visual Tasks: Ⅱ. Decreases in Cerebral Cortex”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 9/5 (1997), 648—663.

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1701503099 (311) R. Nathan Spreng, Raymond A. Mar, and Alice S. N. Kim, “The Common Neural Basis of Autobiographical Memory, Prospection, Navigation, Theory of Mind, and the Default Mode: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 21/3 (2009), 489—510.

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1701503101 (312) Marcus E. Raichle et al., “A Default Mode of Brain Function”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 98/2 (2001), 676—682．也见Marcus E. Raichle and Abraham Z. Snyder, “A Default Mode of Brain Function: A Brief History of an Evolving Idea”, NeuroImage , 37/4(2007), 1083—1090。

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1701503103 (313) Callard and Margulies, “The Subject at Rest”, 235.

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1701503105 (314) Callard and Margulies, “The Subject at Rest”, 236.

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1701503107 (315) Laurent A. Renier et al., “Preserved Functional Specialization for Spatial Processing in the Middle Occipital Gyrus of the Early Blind”, Neuron , 68/1 (2010), 138—148.

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1701503109 (316) Martina Keller, “Wie kriege ich den Kopf frei? Interview mit Ernst Pöppel”, Brigitte , 8 (25 March 2009), 127．也见Anthony Randal McIntosh, “From Location to Integration:How Neural Interactions Form the Basis for Human Cognition”, in Endel Tulving (ed.), Memory,Consciousness, and the Brain: The Tallinn Conference (Philadelphia: Psychology Press, 2000), 346—362。

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1701503111 (317) Iacoboni, Mirroring People , 117.

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1701503113 (318) Callard and Margulies, “Subject at Rest”, 231; Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (2nd edn, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1961), 115.

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1701503115 (319) Michael A. Arbib, The Metaphorical Brain: An Introduction to Cybernetics as Artificial Intelligence and Brain Theory (New York: Wiley, 1972); Michael A. Arbib (ed.), The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks (2nd edn, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003); Viktor K. Jirsa and A. R. McIntosh, preface in Handbook of Brain Connectivity (Berlin: Springer, 2007), v—vii.

1701503116

1701503117 (320) Beatrix P. Rubin, “Changing Brains: The Emergence of the Field of Adult Neurogenesis”,BioSocieties , 4/4 (2009), 407—424; Tobias Rees, “Being Neurologically Human Today: Life Science and Adult Cerebral Plasticity (An Ethical Analysis)”, American Ethnologist , 37/1 (2010), 150 — 166.

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1701503119 (321) Martin Lövdén etal., “A Theoretical Framework for the Study of Adult Cognitive Plasticity”, Psychological Bulletin , 136/4 (2010), 659—676.

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1701503121 (322) Ulman Lindenberger, Shu-Chen Li, and Yvonne Brehmer, “La Variabilité dans le vieillissement comportemental: Conséquence et agent du changement ontogénétique”, in Jacques Lautrey, Bernard Mazoyer, and Paul van Geert (eds.), Invariants et variabilités dans les sciences cognitives (Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 2002), 315—334.

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