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190 前额叶皮层……连接：Knight, R. T., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Prefrontal cortex: The present and the future. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 573–598). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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191这是大多数动物所缺乏的能力：一些非人类的灵长类动物，尤其是黑猩猩和猴子，显示出延迟满足能力，这与它们前额叶皮层的进化程度一致。
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Beran, M. J. (2013, May). Delay of gratification in nonhuman animals. Psychological Science Agenda. 摘自 www. apa. org/ science/ about/ psa/ 2013 / 05/ nonhuman-animals. Aspx。
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191 20岁之前：Beckman, M. (2004). Crime, culpability, and the adolescent brain. Science, 305(5684), 596–599.
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Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., … Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2(10), 861–863.
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Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (2004). Mapping changes in the human cortex throughout the span of life. The Neuroscientist, 10(4), 372–392.
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Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 51–58.
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191 阿尔茨海默症：Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
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191 缺乏抑制一系列行为的能力：Lhermitte, F. (1983). “Utilization behaviour” and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain, 106(2), 237–255.
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192 无法进行短暂控制：Knight, R. T., & Grabowecky, M. (2000). Prefrontal cortex, time, and consciousness. In M. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The new cognitive neurosciences (pp. 1319–1337). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
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192 并不知道自己有这种缺陷：Prigatano, G. P. (1991). Disturbances of self-awareness of deficit after traumatic brain injury. In G. P. Prigatano & D. L. Schacter (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues (pp. 111–126). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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Stuss, D. T. (1991). Disturbances of self-awareness after frontal system damage. In G. P. Prigatano & D. L. Schacter (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury: Clinical and theoretical issues (pp. 63–83). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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192 导致创造力的丧失：Knight, R. T., & Stuss, D. T. (2002). Prefrontal cortex: The present and the future. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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192 酒精会通过破坏……：Trantham-Davidson, H., Burnett, E. J., Gass, J. T., Lopez, M. F., Mulholland, P. J., Centanni, S. W., … Chandler, L. J. (2014). Chronic alcohol disrupts dopamine receptor activity and the cognitive function of the medial prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(10), 3706–3718.
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192 额叶多巴胺能神经元：Courchesne, E., Mouton, P. R., Calhoun, M. E., Semendeferi, K., Ahrens-Barbeau, C., Hallet, M. J., … Pierce, K. (2011). Neuron number and size in prefrontal cortex of children with autism. JAMA, 306(18), 2001–2010.
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193 左旋多巴：Arnsten, A. F. T., & Dudley, A. G. (2005). Methylphenidate improves prefrontal cortical cognitive function through α2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor actions: Relevance to therapeutic effects in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 1(1), 2.
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Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., Hodges, J. R., Summers, B. A., Polkey, C. E., & Robbins, T. W. (1995). Dopamine-dependent frontostriatal planning deficits in early Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychology, 9(1), 126–140.
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Tucha, L., Tucha, O., Sontag, T. A., Stasik, D., Laufkötter, R., & Lange, K. W. (2011). Differential effects of methylphenidate on problem solving in adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15(2), 161–173.
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193 大脑……它却消耗了整个身体能量的20％：Clarke, D. D., & Sokoloff, L. (1999). Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain: Substrates of cerebral metabolism. In G. J. Siegel, B. W. Agranoff, R. W. Albers, S. K. Fisher, & M. D. Uhler (Eds.), Basic neurochemistry: Molecular, cellular and medical aspects (6th ed.) (pp. 637–669). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven.
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193 单个静止神经元的电压输出：一个典型的神经元的静息电位为–70 mV，这意味着它有一个负电荷，iPod输出为正电荷。
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194 给猫头鹰播放音乐：Janata, P. (1997). Electrophysiological studies of auditory contexts. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, University of Oregon.
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194 化学物质被释放在特定的位置……大脑中的信息流：直接引自Anderson, D. (2011). Your brain is more than a bag of chemicals. [视频] TedX CalTech.
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194 它们从葡萄糖处获得能量：Clarke, D. D., & Sokoloff, L. (1999). Circulation and energy metabolism of the brain: Substrates of cerebral metabolism. In G. J. Siegel, B. W. Agranoff, R. W. Albers, S. K. Fisher, & M. D. Uhler (Eds.), Basic neurochemistry: Molecular, cellular and medical aspects (6th ed.) (pp. 637–669). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven.
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Sokoloff, L., Reivich, M., Kennedy, C., Des Rosiers, M. H., Patlak, C. S., Pettigrew, K. E. A., … Shinohara, M. (1977). The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: Theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. Journal of Neurochemistry, 28(5), 897–916.
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194 除睾丸外：Himwich, H. E., & Nahum, L. H. (1929). The respiratory quotient of testicle. American Journal of Physiology, 88(4), 680–85.
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