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275 接受过这种手术的病人大多没有得到任何实际生存价值：Murphy, M. L., Hultgren, H. N., Detre, K., Thomsen, J., & Takaro, T. (1977). Treatment of chronic stable angina: A preliminary report of survival data of the randomized Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. New England Journal of Medicine, 297(12), 621–627.
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276 ……他们会相信它真的有效……：Jones, D. S. (2012). Broken hearts: The tangled history of cardiac care. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
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276 血管成形术在一年的时间内从0增加到10万例：Park, A. (2013, March–April). A cardiac conundrum: How gaps in medical knowledge affect matters of the heart. Harvard Magazine, 25–29.
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276 但医学实验并没有显示任何生存益处：Ellis, S. G., Mooney, M. R., George, B. S., Da Silva, E. E., Talley, J. D., Flanagan, W. H., & Topol, E. J. (1992). Randomized trial of late elective angioplasty versus conservative management for patients with residual stenoses after thrombolytic treatment of myocardial infarction. Treatment of Post-Thrombolytic Stenoses (TOPS) Study Group. Circulation, 86(5), 1400–1406.
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Hueb, W., Lopes, N. H., Gersh, B. J., Soares, P., Machado, L. A., Jatene, F. B., … Ramires, J. A. (2007). Five-year follow-up of the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS II): A randomized controlled clinical trial of 3 therapeutic strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease. Circulation, 115(9), 1082–1089.
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Michels, K. B., & Yusuf, S. (1995). Does PTCA in acute myocardial infarction affect mortality and reinfarction rates? A quantitative overview ( meta-analysis) of the randomized clinical trials. Circulation, 91(2), 476–485.
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276 只能将他们的寿命延长1天：Jones, D. S. (2012). Broken hearts: The tangled history of cardiac care. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
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276需要做出选择的病人：Engelmann, J. B., Capra, C. M., Noussair, C., & Berns, G. S. (2009). Expert financial advice neurobiologically “offloads” financial decision-making under risk. PLoS One, 4(3), e4957.
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276 将决定权转交给专家：Hertz, N. (2013, October 20). Why we make bad decisions. The New York Times, p. SR6.
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276 前列腺癌的治疗：在此我借鉴了自己之前出版的一部作品。Levitin, D. J. (2011, October 9). Heal thyself. [Review of the book Your medical mind: How to decide what is right for you by J. Groopman & P. Hartzband]. The New York Times Sunday Book Review, p. BR28.
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276 250万男性：Howlader, N., Noone, A. M., Krapcho, M., Neyman, N., Aminou, R., Waldron, W., … Cronin, K. A. (Eds.). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2009 (Vintage 2009 Populations). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, based on November 2011 SEER data submission. 摘自 http:// seer. cancer. gov / archive/ csr/ 1975_ 2009_ pops09/。
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276 3%的人死于这种疾病：美国癌症协会. (2013). What are the key statistics about prostate cancer? 摘自 http:// www. cancer. org。
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277 激进的治疗方案来移除癌症：美国癌症协会. (2013). Prostate cancer treatment (PDQ®): Treatment option overview. 摘自 http:// www .cancer. gov。
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Scholz, M., & Blum, R. (2010). Invasion of the prostate snatchers: No more unnecessary biopsies, radical treatment or loss of sexual potency. New York, NY: Other Press, pp. 20–21.
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277 伴随癌症死亡：Groopman, J., & Hartzband, P. (2011). Your medical mind: How to decide what is right for you. New York, NY: Penguin, pp. 246–247.
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Hessels, D., Verhaegh, G. W., Schalken, J. A., & Witjes, J. A. (2004). Applicability of biomarkers in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 4(4), 513–526.
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277 那副作用呢?：Hugosson, J., Stranne, J., & Carlsson, S. V. (2011). Radical retropubic prostatec-tomy: A review of outcomes and side-effects. Acta Oncologica, 50(Suppl. 1), 92–97.
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National Cancer Institute. (2014). Stage I prostate cancer treatment. 摘自 http:// www. cancer. gov
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Prostate Doctor. (2011, June 4). Shortening of the penis after prostatectomy: Yes, it really happens [Web log message]. 摘自 http:// myprostatedoc . blogspot. com。
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Talcott, J. A., Rieker, P., Clark, J. A., Propert, K. J., Weeks, J. C., Beard, C. J., … Kantoff, P. W. (1998). Patient-reported symptoms after primary therapy for early prostate cancer: Results of a prospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 16(1), 275–283, p. 275.
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Wilt, T. J., MacDonald R., Rutks, I., Shamliyan, T. A., Taylor, B. C., & Kane, R. L. (2008). Systematic review: Comparative effectiveness and harms of treatments for clinically localized prostate cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine, 148(6), 435–448.
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277 47/48 Schröder, F. H., Hugosson, J., Roobol, M. J., Tammela, T., Ciatto, S., Nelen, V., … Auvinen, A. (2009). Screening and prostate cancer mortality in a randomized European study. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(13), 1320–1328.
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278 高出24倍：Kao, T. C., Cruess, D. F., Garner, D., Foley, J., Seay, T., Friedrichs, P., … Moul, J. W. (2000). Multicenter patient self-reporting questionnaire on impotence, incontinence and stricture after radical prostatectomy. The Journal of Urology, 163(3), 858–864.
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Bates, T. S., Wright, M. P., & Gillatt, D. A. (1998). Prevalence and impact of incontinence and impotence following total prostatectomy assessed anonymously by the ICS-Male Questionnaire. European Urology 33(2), 165-169.
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278 20%的人会对他们的决定感到后悔 Parker-Pope, T. (2008, August 27). Regrets after prostate surgery. The New York Times.
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