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362 每一个元素都需要被单独描述：Kolmogorov, A. N. (1968). Three approaches to the quantitative definition of information. International Journal of Computer Mathematics 2(1–4), 157–168.
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Kolmogorov, A. (1963). On tables of random numbers. Sankhyā: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A 25(4), 369–375.
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364 计算出……结构（或组织）程度：我第一次看到这一概念是在 Hellerman, L. (2006). Representations of living forms. Biology and Philosophy, 21(4), 537–552.
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黑勒曼曾用它来量化生物实体中的组织度。对他而言，一个有组织的系统一定会涉及可微性。也就是，如果一个有机体的部分是可微的，那么我就可以说，它有更大的组织。一个单细胞有机体拥有最小的组织。
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他介绍了一个计算公式：
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Ni表示第 i部分的数量
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v表示信息理论角度的结构度
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lg表示对数基数2
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那么，v(n1, n2, … , nk)=n1lg(n/n1)+n2lg(n/n2)+…+nklg(n/nk)
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拥有可微部分的平实结构的组织值为0。
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完全纵向或者完全横向的结构拥有相同数量的信息，因为{0,8}={8,0}。所以当树的结构组织好的时候，就会有一个帕累托最优原则。
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366 工作流程图可以用同样的方法进行类似分析：摘自 Cardoso, J. (2006). Approaches to compute workflow complexity. In F. Leymann, W. Reisig, S. R. Thatte, & W. van der Aalst (Eds.), The role of business processes in service oriented architectures. IBFI: Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany.
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367 确保你能定位重要文档：Merrill, D. C., & Martin, J. A. (2010). Getting organized in the Google era: How to get stuff out of your head, find it when you need it, and get it done right. New York, NY: Crown Business.
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367 “当秘书在我的日历上新增一个会议的时候……”： Merrill, D. C., & Martin, J. A. (2010). Getting organized in the Google era: How to get stuff out of your head, find it when you need it, and get it done right. New York, NY: Crown Business, p. 161.
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368 截至撰写本文时，全球90％的数据： Pinheiro, E., Weber, W-D., & Barroso, L. A. (2007). Failure trends in a large disk drive population. Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST), Mountain View, CA. 摘自 http://static. googleusercontent. com/ media/ research. google . com/ en// archive/ disk_ failures. Pdf
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368 15摄氏度的温度变化都可能让故障率增加一倍： Cole, G. (2000). Estimating drive reliability in desktop computers and consumer electronics systems. Seagate Technology Paper TP-338. 1.
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369 驱动器5年内出现故障的概率：Schroeder & Gibson found failure rates in real installations of up to 13% per year. Application of the binomial theorem yields a 50% probability of at least one failure within five years.
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Schroeder, B., & Gibson, G. A. (2007). Disk failures in the real world: What does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you? Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Confer-ence on File and Storage Technologies (FAST), Mountain View, CA. 摘自 http:// www. pdl. cmu. edu/ ftp/ Failure/ failure-fast07. Pdf
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He, Z., Yang, H., & Xie, M. (2012, October). Statistical modeling and analysis of hard disk drives (HDDs) failure. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers APMRC, pp. 1–2.
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369 会在两年内出现磁盘故障：Vishwanath, K. V., & Nagappan, N. . Characterizing cloud computing hardware reliability. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM symposium on cloud computing. New York, NY: ACM (pp. 193–204).
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370 “……除夕之后的五彩纸屑一样分散在各处”：Boutin, P. (2013, December 12). An app that will never forget a file. The New York Times, p. B7.
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第8章
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379 这一说法源自：Sanger, L. (2004, December 31). Why Wikipedia must jettison its anti-elitism. Kuro5hin. 摘自 http:// www .kuro5hin. Org。
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维基百科中包含了一篇名叫“Criticism of Wikipedia”的文章，我们都可以理解这篇文章对维基百科自身的偏袒。
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Criticism of Wikipedia. (n. d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from http:// en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Criticism_ of_ Wikipedia
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