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9.Hartline: H. K. Hartline, H. G. Wagner, and F. Ratliff (1956). “Inhibition in the Eye of Limulus.”The Journal of General Physiology39(5): 651–673.
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10.Barlow: R. B. Barlow, L. C. Ireland, and L. Kass (1982). “Vision Has a Role inLimulusMating Behavior.”Nature296(5852): 65–66.
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11.Danny DeVito yearbook photo: i.imgur.com/njXUFGa.jpg.
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12.Face perception: D. Maurer, R. L. Grand, and C. J. Mondloch (2002). “The Many Faces of Configural Processing.”Trends in Cognitive Sciences6(6): 255–260.
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13.Humans can detect: N. D. Haig (1984). “The Effect of Feature Displacement on Face Recognition.”Perception13(5): 505–512.
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第三章 我们如何思考
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1.Pavlov’s bell: There’s been some dispute about whether he actually used a bell, a dispute that seems to have been resolved in his favor by R. Thomas (1994). “Pavlov’s Dogs ‘Dripped Saliva at the Sound of a Bell.’ ”Psycoloquy5(80).
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2.one of Garcia’s studies: J. Garcia and R. A. Koelling (1966). “Relation of Cue to Consequence in Avoidance Learning.”Psychonomic Science4(1): 123–124.
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3.Modus ponensand causal considerations: D. D. Cummins, T. Lubart, O. Alksnis, and R. Rist (1991). “Conditional Reasoning and Causation.”Memory & Cognition19(3): 274–282.
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4.We excel at casual analysis: An introduction to this literature can be found in B. F. Malle and J. Korman (2013). “Attribution Theory.” In ed. D. S. Dunn,Oxford Bibliographies in Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
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5.Reasoning backward: See, for example, A. Tversky and D. Kahneman (1978). “Causal Schemata in Judgments Under Uncertainty.”Progress in Social Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
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6.error in predictive reasoning: P. M. Fernbach, A. Darlow, and S. A. Sloman (2011). “Asymmetries in Predictive and Diagnostic Reasoning.”Journal of Experimental Psychology: General140(2): 168–185; P. M. Fernbach, A. Darlow, and S. A. Sloman (2010). “Neglect of Alternative Causes in Predictive but Not Diagnostic Reasoning.”Psychological Science21(3): 329–336.
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7.No evidence for diagnostic reasoning in animals: D. C. Penn, K. J. Holyoak, and D. J. Povinelli (2008). “Darwin’s Mistake: Explaining the Discontinuity Between Human and Nonhuman Minds.”Behavioral and Brain Sciences31(2): 109–130.
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8.Crow study: A. H. Taylor, G. R. Hunt, F. S. Medina, and R. D. Gray (2009). “Do New Caledonian Crows Solve Physical Problems Through Causal Reasoning?”Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences276(1655): 247–254.
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9.Storytelling: See R. Hastie and N. Pennington (1995). “The Big Picture: Is It a Story?” inKnowledge and Memory: The Real Story. Ed. R. S. Wyer Jr. and J. K. Srull. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 133–138.
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10.Heider and Simmel video: You can see the film on Youtube: www.youtube.com/watch?v=76p64j3H1Ng.
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11.identities as stories: A major proponent of this view is Jerome Bruner.
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第四章 我们的认知为何会出错
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1.naive understanding of physics: M. McCloskey (1983). “Intuitive Physics.”Scientific American248(4): 122–130.
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2.Andrea diSessa: A. A. diSessa (1983). “Phenomenology and the Evolution of Intuition.” In ed. D. Gentner and A. L. Stevens.Mental Models. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
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3.People understand electricity:D. Gentner and D. R. Gentner (1983). “Flowing Waters or Teeming Crowds: Mental Models of Electricity.” InMental Models.
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4.Quote from an experimental participant: W. Kempton (1986). “Two Theories of Home Heat Control.”Cognitive Science10: 75–90.
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5.Thinking, Fast and Slow: D. Kahneman (2011).Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus.
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6.associative versus rule-based thinking: S. A. Sloman (1996). “The Empirical Case for Two Systems of Reasoning.”Psychological Bulletin119(1): 3–22.
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7.System 1 versus System 2: K. E. Stanovich and R. F. West (2000). “Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate.”Behavioral and Brain Sciences23(5): 645–726.
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