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11.chasing virtual balls: P. W. Fink, P. S. Foo, and W. H. Warren (2009). “Catching Fly Balls in Virtual Reality: A Critical Test of the Outfielder Problem.”Journal of Vision9(13): 14.
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12.the side with the faster flow: A. P. Duchon and W. H. Warren Jr. (2002). “A Visual Equalization Strategy for Locomotor Control: Of Honeybees, Robots, and Humans.”Psychological Science13(3): 272–278.
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13.Bees … slower optic flow: M. V. Srinivasan, M. Lehrer, W. H. Kirchner, and S. W. Zhang (1991). “Range Perception Through Apparent Image Speed in Freely Flying Honeybees.”Visual Neuroscience6(5): 519–535.
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14.it’s in the brain: We were inspired to ask this question and present the material this way by a talk entitled “Cognitive Ethnography” by Edwin Hutchins at the Cognitive Science Society conference that took place in Boston in 2003. A more recent articulation of Hutchins’s views about the relation between cognition, culture, and the environment can be found in E. Hutchins (2014). “The Cultural Ecosystem of Human Cognition.”Philosophical Psychology27(1): 34–49.
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15.Experiment to judge orientation: M. Tucker and R. Ellis (1998). “On the Relations Between Seen Objects and Components of Potential Actions.”Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance24(3): 830–846.
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16.memorization techniques: C. L. Scott, R. J. Harris, and A. R. Rothe (2001). “Embodied Cognition Through Improvisation Improves Memory for a Dramatic Monologue.”Discourse Processes31(3): 293–305.
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17.embodiment: These ideas took on prominence due to the work of a number of people, including Lawrence Barsalou and Arthur Glenberg.
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18.Oksapmin people: G. B. Saxe (1981). “Body Parts as Numerals: A Developmental Analysis of Numeration Among the Oksapmin in Papua New Guinea.”Child Development52(1): 306–316.
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19.unified with the objects that we’re thinking about and with: A fuller presentation of these ideas can be found in M. Wilson (2002). “Six Views of Embodied Cognition.”Psychonomic Bulletin & Review9(4): 625–636.
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20.somatic markers: This idea is spelled out in A. R. Damasio (1994).Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. New York: G. P. Putnam’s.
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21.moral reactions: This is an idea made popular by J. Haidt (2001). “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment.”Psychological Review108(4): 814–834.
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第六章 他人的智慧
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1.Speth describes communal bison hunts:J. D. Speth (1997). “Communal Bison Hunting in Western North America: Background for the Study of Paleolithic Bison Hunting in Europe.”L’Alimentation des Hommes du Paléolitique83: 23–57, ERAUL, Liége.
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2.brain mass of modern humans:S. Shultz, E. Nelson, and R. I. Dunbar (2012). “Hominin Cognitive Evolution: Identifying Patterns and Processes in the Fossil and Archeological Record.”Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences367(1599): 2130–2140.
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3.physically weaker to compensate
:www.nytimes.com/2014/05/28/ science/ stronger-brains-weaker-bodies.html?_r=0.
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4.snowball effect:A. Whiten and D. Erdal (2012). “The Human Socio-Cognitive Niche and Its Evolutionary Origins.”Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences367(1599): 2119–2129.
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5.Hunting … instrumental to human evolution: R. Ardrey (1976).The Hunting Hypothesis: A Personal Conclusion Concerning the Evolutionary Nature of Man. New York: Atheneum.
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6.Robin Dunbar, social brain hypothesis: R. I. Dunbar (1992). “Neocortex Size as a Constraint on Group Size in Primates.”Journal of Human Evolution22(6): 469–493.
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7.reasoning about intentionality
:For a penetrating analysis of what this kind of reasoning requires, see B. F. Malle and J. Knobe (1997). “The Folk Concept of Intentionality.”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology33(2): 101–121.
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8.Tomasello, shared intentionality: This and the other work on shared intentionality reviewed here are discussed in M. Tomasello and M. Carpenter (2007). “Shared Intentionality.”Developmental Science10(1): 121–125.
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9.Tomasello quote: Ibid., p. 123
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10.not … getting smarter
:Though they are doing better and better on intelligence tests. J. R. Flynn (2007).What Is Intelligence? Beyond the Flynn Effect. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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11.couples divide cognitive labor: D. M. Wegner (1987). “Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind.” In ed. B. Mullen and George Goethals,Theories of Group Behavior.New York: Springer, 185–208.
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12.more credit than they deserve: Reviewed in M. R. Leary and D. R. Forsyth (1987). “Attributions of Responsibility for Collective Endeavors.” In ed. C. Hendrick,Review of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 8. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 167–188.
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13.household chores: M. Ross and F. Sicoly (1979). “Egocentric Biases in Availability and Attribution.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology37(3): 322–336.
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