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14.glowing rocks study
:Sloman and Rabb. Some of you might be worried that these results just reflect either task demands or judgments about the understandability of the phenomena. Sloman and Rabb controlled for both of these types of alternative explanations.
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15.placeholders: There is a view in philosophy that claims this is true of certain aspects of language. This “meaning ain’t in the head” view is called “essentialism” and was articulated with great insight by Hilary Putnam and a related view by Saul Kripke.
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16.compatibility of communal knowledge
:Frank Keil has done a lot of work on this topic — for example, F. C. Keil and J. Kominsky (2013). “Missing Links in Middle School: Developing Use of Disciplinary Relatedness in Evaluating Internet Search Results.”PloS ONE8(6), e67777.
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17.George Bernard Shaw quote: gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/ 0200811h.html.
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18.curse of knowledge: C. Camerer, G. Loewenstein, and M. Weber (1989). “The Curse of Knowledge in Economic Settings: An Experimental Analysis.”Journal of Political Economy97(5): 1232–1254.
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19.shocked that others don’t recognize the tune: C. Heath and D. Heath (2007).Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die. New York: Random House, 2007.
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20.hindsight bias: B. Fischhoff and R. Beyth (1975). “ ‘I Knew It Would Happen’: Remembered Probabilities of Once-Future Things.”Organizational Behavior and Human Performance13(1): 1–16.
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21.few people today readAlice in Wonderland: A fact bemoaned by Anthony Lane in “Go Ask Alice,”The New Yorker, June 8 and 15, 2015.
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第七章 与技术共事
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1.commuting a little less: www.governing.com/topics/transportation- infrastructure /how-america-stopped-commuting.html.
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2.attendance at movie theaters: www.slashfilm.com/box-office-attendance-hits-lowest-level-five-years.
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3.Vernor Vinge: V. Vinge (1993). “The Coming Technological Singularity.”Whole Earth Review, Winter.
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4.Ray Kurzweil: R. Kurzweil (2005).The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology.New York: Penguin Books.
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5.Nick Bostrom: N. Bostrom (2014).Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
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6.Ian Tattersall: As told to Dan Falk in the online magazineeon: http://eon.co/magazine/science/was-human-evolution-inevitable-or-a-matter-of-luck.
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7.extensions of our bodies: A. Clark (2004).Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence.New York: Oxford University Press; J. H. Siegle and W. H. Warren (2010). “Distal Attribution and Distance Perception in Sensory Substitution.”Perception39(2): 208–223; R. Volcic, C. Fantoni, C. Caudek, J. A. Assad, and F. Domini (2013). “Visuomotor Adaptation Changes Stereoscopic Depth Perception and Tactile Discrimination.”The Journal of Neuroscience33(43): 17081–17088.
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8.when we search the Internet: D. M. Wegner and A. F. Ward (2013). “How Google Is Changing Your Brain.”Scientific American309(6): 58–61; and M. Fisher, M. K. Goddu, and F. C. Keil (2015). “Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge.”Journal of Experimental Psychology: General144(3): 674–687. See also A. F. Ward (2013). “Supernormal: How the Internet Is Changing Our Memories and Our Minds.”Psychological Inquiry24(4): 341–348.
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9.WebMD: Adrian F. Ward (May 2015), “Blurred Boundaries: Internet Search, Cognitive Self-Esteem, and Confidence in Decision-Making.” Talk presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, New York, New York.
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10.fifty microprocessors each: auto.howstuffworks.com/under-the-hood/trends-innovations/car-computer.htm.
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11.Elon Musk: fortune.com/2015/12/21/elon-musk-interview.
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12.compromise overall safety: S. Greengard (2009). “Making Automation Work.”Communications of the ACM52(12): 18–19.
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13.pilots … didn’t know what to do: www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/crashes/what-really-happened-aboard-airfrance-447-6611877.
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14.GPS master: Examples can be found at www.straightdope.com/columns/read/3119/has-anyone-gotten-hurt-or-killed-following-bad-gps-directions.
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15.Royal Majesty. The story is described in much greater detail in chapter 8 of A. Degani (2004).Taming HAL: Designing Interfaces Beyond 2001. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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16.more than on financial incentives: E. Bonabeau (2009). “Decisions 2.0: The Power of Collective Intelligence.”MIT Sloan Management Review50(2): 45–52.
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