打字猴:1.701563027e+09
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1701563028 14.glowing rocks study:Sloman and Rabb. Some of you might be worried that these results just reflect either task demands or judgments about the understandability of the phenomena. Sloman and Rabb controlled for both of these types of alternative explanations.
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1701563030 15.placeholders: There is a view in philosophy that claims this is true of certain aspects of language. This “meaning ain’t in the head” view is called “essentialism” and was articulated with great insight by Hilary Putnam and a related view by Saul Kripke.
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1701563032 16.compatibility of communal knowledge:Frank Keil has done a lot of work on this topic — for example, F. C. Keil and J. Kominsky (2013). “Missing Links in Middle School: Developing Use of Disciplinary Relatedness in Evaluating Internet Search Results.”PloS ONE8(6), e67777.
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1701563034 17.George Bernard Shaw quote: gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/ 0200811h.html.
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1701563036 18.curse of knowledge: C. Camerer, G. Loewenstein, and M. Weber (1989). “The Curse of Knowledge in Economic Settings: An Experimental Analysis.”Journal of Political Economy97(5): 1232–1254.
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1701563038 19.shocked that others don’t recognize the tune: C. Heath and D. Heath (2007).Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die. New York: Random House, 2007.
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1701563040 20.hindsight bias: B. Fischhoff and R. Beyth (1975). “ ‘I Knew It Would Happen’: Remembered Probabilities of Once-Future Things.”Organizational Behavior and Human Performance13(1): 1–16.
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1701563042 21.few people today readAlice in Wonderland: A fact bemoaned by Anthony Lane in “Go Ask Alice,”The New Yorker, June 8 and 15, 2015.
1701563043
1701563044 第七章 与技术共事
1701563045
1701563046 1.commuting a little less: www.governing.com/topics/transportation- infrastructure /how-america-stopped-commuting.html.
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1701563048 2.attendance at movie theaters: www.slashfilm.com/box-office-attendance-hits-lowest-level-five-years.
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1701563050 3.Vernor Vinge: V. Vinge (1993). “The Coming Technological Singularity.”Whole Earth Review, Winter.
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1701563052 4.Ray Kurzweil: R. Kurzweil (2005).The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology.New York: Penguin Books.
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1701563054 5.Nick Bostrom: N. Bostrom (2014).Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
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1701563056 6.Ian Tattersall: As told to Dan Falk in the online magazineeon: http://eon.co/magazine/science/was-human-evolution-inevitable-or-a-matter-of-luck.
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1701563058 7.extensions of our bodies: A. Clark (2004).Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence.New York: Oxford University Press; J. H. Siegle and W. H. Warren (2010). “Distal Attribution and Distance Perception in Sensory Substitution.”Perception39(2): 208–223; R. Volcic, C. Fantoni, C. Caudek, J. A. Assad, and F. Domini (2013). “Visuomotor Adaptation Changes Stereoscopic Depth Perception and Tactile Discrimination.”The Journal of Neuroscience33(43): 17081–17088.
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1701563060 8.when we search the Internet: D. M. Wegner and A. F. Ward (2013). “How Google Is Changing Your Brain.”Scientific American309(6): 58–61; and M. Fisher, M. K. Goddu, and F. C. Keil (2015). “Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge.”Journal of Experimental Psychology: General144(3): 674–687. See also A. F. Ward (2013). “Supernormal: How the Internet Is Changing Our Memories and Our Minds.”Psychological Inquiry24(4): 341–348.
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1701563062 9.WebMD: Adrian F. Ward (May 2015), “Blurred Boundaries: Internet Search, Cognitive Self-Esteem, and Confidence in Decision-Making.” Talk presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, New York, New York.
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1701563064 10.fifty microprocessors each: auto.howstuffworks.com/under-the-hood/trends-innovations/car-computer.htm.
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1701563066 11.Elon Musk: fortune.com/2015/12/21/elon-musk-interview.
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1701563068 12.compromise overall safety: S. Greengard (2009). “Making Automation Work.”Communications of the ACM52(12): 18–19.
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1701563070 13.pilots … didn’t know what to do: www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/crashes/what-really-happened-aboard-airfrance-447-6611877.
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1701563072 14.GPS master: Examples can be found at www.straightdope.com/columns/read/3119/has-anyone-gotten-hurt-or-killed-following-bad-gps-directions.
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1701563074 15.Royal Majesty. The story is described in much greater detail in chapter 8 of A. Degani (2004).Taming HAL: Designing Interfaces Beyond 2001. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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1701563076 16.more than on financial incentives: E. Bonabeau (2009). “Decisions 2.0: The Power of Collective Intelligence.”MIT Sloan Management Review50(2): 45–52.
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