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17.embodiment: These ideas took on prominence due to the work of a number of people, including Lawrence Barsalou and Arthur Glenberg.
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18.Oksapmin people: G. B. Saxe (1981). “Body Parts as Numerals: A Developmental Analysis of Numeration Among the Oksapmin in Papua New Guinea.”Child Development52(1): 306–316.
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19.unified with the objects that we’re thinking about and with: A fuller presentation of these ideas can be found in M. Wilson (2002). “Six Views of Embodied Cognition.”Psychonomic Bulletin & Review9(4): 625–636.
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20.somatic markers: This idea is spelled out in A. R. Damasio (1994).Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. New York: G. P. Putnam’s.
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21.moral reactions: This is an idea made popular by J. Haidt (2001). “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment.”Psychological Review108(4): 814–834.
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第六章 他人的智慧
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1.Speth describes communal bison hunts:J. D. Speth (1997). “Communal Bison Hunting in Western North America: Background for the Study of Paleolithic Bison Hunting in Europe.”L’Alimentation des Hommes du Paléolitique83: 23–57, ERAUL, Liége.
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2.brain mass of modern humans:S. Shultz, E. Nelson, and R. I. Dunbar (2012). “Hominin Cognitive Evolution: Identifying Patterns and Processes in the Fossil and Archeological Record.”Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences367(1599): 2130–2140.
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3.physically weaker to compensate
:www.nytimes.com/2014/05/28/ science/ stronger-brains-weaker-bodies.html?_r=0.
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4.snowball effect:A. Whiten and D. Erdal (2012). “The Human Socio-Cognitive Niche and Its Evolutionary Origins.”Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences367(1599): 2119–2129.
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5.Hunting … instrumental to human evolution: R. Ardrey (1976).The Hunting Hypothesis: A Personal Conclusion Concerning the Evolutionary Nature of Man. New York: Atheneum.
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6.Robin Dunbar, social brain hypothesis: R. I. Dunbar (1992). “Neocortex Size as a Constraint on Group Size in Primates.”Journal of Human Evolution22(6): 469–493.
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7.reasoning about intentionality
:For a penetrating analysis of what this kind of reasoning requires, see B. F. Malle and J. Knobe (1997). “The Folk Concept of Intentionality.”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology33(2): 101–121.
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8.Tomasello, shared intentionality: This and the other work on shared intentionality reviewed here are discussed in M. Tomasello and M. Carpenter (2007). “Shared Intentionality.”Developmental Science10(1): 121–125.
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9.Tomasello quote: Ibid., p. 123
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10.not … getting smarter
:Though they are doing better and better on intelligence tests. J. R. Flynn (2007).What Is Intelligence? Beyond the Flynn Effect. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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11.couples divide cognitive labor: D. M. Wegner (1987). “Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind.” In ed. B. Mullen and George Goethals,Theories of Group Behavior.New York: Springer, 185–208.
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12.more credit than they deserve: Reviewed in M. R. Leary and D. R. Forsyth (1987). “Attributions of Responsibility for Collective Endeavors.” In ed. C. Hendrick,Review of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 8. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 167–188.
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13.household chores: M. Ross and F. Sicoly (1979). “Egocentric Biases in Availability and Attribution.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology37(3): 322–336.
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14.glowing rocks study
:Sloman and Rabb. Some of you might be worried that these results just reflect either task demands or judgments about the understandability of the phenomena. Sloman and Rabb controlled for both of these types of alternative explanations.
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15.placeholders: There is a view in philosophy that claims this is true of certain aspects of language. This “meaning ain’t in the head” view is called “essentialism” and was articulated with great insight by Hilary Putnam and a related view by Saul Kripke.
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16.compatibility of communal knowledge
:Frank Keil has done a lot of work on this topic — for example, F. C. Keil and J. Kominsky (2013). “Missing Links in Middle School: Developing Use of Disciplinary Relatedness in Evaluating Internet Search Results.”PloS ONE8(6), e67777.
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17.George Bernard Shaw quote: gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/ 0200811h.html.
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18.curse of knowledge: C. Camerer, G. Loewenstein, and M. Weber (1989). “The Curse of Knowledge in Economic Settings: An Experimental Analysis.”Journal of Political Economy97(5): 1232–1254.
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19.shocked that others don’t recognize the tune: C. Heath and D. Heath (2007).Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die. New York: Random House, 2007.
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